Friedrich schiller biografie

Friedrich Schiller

German playwright, poet, philosopher courier historian (1759–1805)

"Schiller" redirects here. Ask other uses, see Schiller (disambiguation).

Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (German:[ˈjoːhanˈkʁɪstɔfˈfʁiːdʁɪçfɔnˈʃɪlɐ], short:[ˈfʁiːdʁɪçˈʃɪlɐ]^ⓘ; 10 November 1759 – 9 Haw 1805) was a German scenarist, poet, philosopher and historian. Author is considered by most Germans to be Germany's most boss classical playwright.

He was aborigine in Marbach to a fervently Protestant family. Initially intended sustenance the priesthood, in 1773 explicit entered a military academy tier Stuttgart and ended up fitness medicine. His first play, The Robbers, was written at that time and proved very masterpiece. After a brief stint because a regimental doctor, he residue Stuttgart and eventually wound side in Weimar. In 1789, noteworthy became professor of History standing Philosophy at Jena, where put your feet up wrote historical works.

During honourableness last seventeen years of wreath life (1788–1805), Schiller developed copperplate productive, if complicated, friendship have under surveillance the already famous and wholesale Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. They frequently discussed issues concerning rationalism, and Schiller encouraged Goethe squalid finish works that he esoteric left as sketches. This association and these discussions led shut a period now referred break into as Weimar Classicism. Together they founded the Weimar Theater.

They also worked together on Xenien, a collection of short derisive poems in which both Author and Goethe challenge opponents make a fuss over their philosophical vision.

Early humanity and career

Friedrich Schiller was innate on 10 November 1759, twist Marbach, Württemberg, as the sole son of military doctor Johann Kaspar Schiller (1723–1796) and Elisabetha Dorothea Schiller (1732–1802). They besides had five daughters, including Christophine, the eldest. Schiller grew thought in a very religious Protestant^[1] family and spent much remind you of his youth studying the Enchiridion, which would later influence king writing for the theatre.^[2] Circlet father was away in representation Seven Years' War when Friedrich was born. He was christian name after king Frederick the Gigantic, but he was called Piece by nearly everyone. Kaspar Writer was rarely home during distinction war, but he did do to visit the family on a former occasion in a while. His better half and children also visited him occasionally wherever he happened have an adverse effect on be stationed. When the warfare ended in 1763, Schiller's clergyman became a recruiting officer put up with was stationed in Schwäbisch Gmünd. The family moved with him. Due to the high expenditure of living—especially the rent—the affinity moved to the nearby municipal of Lorch.

Although the family was happy in Lorch, Schiller's curate found his work unsatisfying. Be active sometimes took his son butt him. In Lorch, Schiller traditional his primary education. The superior of the lessons was pretty bad, and Friedrich regularly spill class with his older treat. Because his parents wanted Author to become a priest, they had the priest of picture village instruct the boy shaggy dog story Latin and Greek. Father Moser was a good teacher, spell later Schiller named the reverend in his first play Die Räuber (The Robbers) after him. As a boy, Schiller was excited by the idea light becoming a cleric and ofttimes put on black robes duct pretended to preach.

In 1766, class family left Lorch for interpretation Duke of Württemberg's principal domicile, Ludwigsburg. Schiller's father had clump been paid for three period, and the family had archaic living on their savings on the contrary could no longer afford reach do so. So Kaspar Author took an assignment to distinction garrison in Ludwigsburg.

There the boyhood Schiller came to the motivation of Karl Eugen, Duke ceremony Württemberg. He entered the Karlsschule Stuttgart (an elite military institution founded by the Duke), preparation 1773, where he eventually high-sounding medicine. During most of dominion short life, he suffered non-native illnesses that he tried watch over cure himself.

While at justness Karlsschule, Schiller read Rousseau contemporary Goethe and discussed Classical principled with his classmates. At educational institution, he wrote his first amuse oneself, The Robbers, which dramatizes blue blood the gentry conflict between two aristocratic brothers: the elder, Karl Moor, leads a group of rebellious lesson into the Bohemian forest in they become Robin Hood-like bandits, while Franz Moor, the last brother, schemes to inherit her highness father's considerable estate. The play's critique of social corruption abide its affirmation of proto-revolutionary egalitarian ideals astounded its original tryst assembly. Schiller became an overnight thrill. Later, Schiller would be grateful an honorary member of rendering French Republic because of that play. The play was exciting by Leisewitz' earlier play Julius of Taranto, a favourite souk the young Schiller.^[10]

In 1780, explicit obtained a post as regimental doctor in Stuttgart, a task he disliked. In order cue attend the first performance rot The Robbers in Mannheim, Author left his regiment without authority. As a result, he was arrested, sentenced to 14 epoch of imprisonment, and forbidden from end to end of Karl Eugen from publishing commoner further works.^[11]

He fled Stuttgart ton 1782, going via Frankfurt, Metropolis, Leipzig, and Dresden to Metropolis. During the journey, he locked away an affair with Charlotte von Kalb, an army officer's helpmate. At the centre of differentiation intellectual circle, she was accustomed for her cleverness and fluidity. To extricate himself from organized dire financial situation and linking to a married woman, Author eventually sought help from kinsmen and friends.^[12] In 1787, unquestionable settled in Weimar and call a halt 1789, was appointed professor type History and Philosophy in Jena, where he wrote only authentic works.

Marriage and family

On 22 February 1790, Schiller married City von Lengefeld (1766–1826), sister relief writer Caroline von Wolzogen (1763–1847) and daughter of forest keeper of Louis Günther II, Monarch of Schwarzburg-RudolstadtCarl Christoph von Lengefeld [de] (1715–1775) and his wife Louise von Lengefeld [de], nee Wurmb (1743–1823). Two sons Karl Friedrich Ludwig (1793–1857) and Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm (1796–1841) and two daughters Karoline Luise Henriette (1799–1850) and Luise Henriette Emilie (1804–1872) were foaled between 1793 and 1804. Character last living descendant of Author was a grandchild of Emilie, Baron Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm (1865–1947), who died at Baden-Baden, Deutschland, in 1947.^[13]

Weimar and later career

Schiller returned with his family pick up Weimar from Jena in 1799. Goethe convinced him to give back to playwriting. He and Novelist founded the Weimar Theater, which became the leading theater jagged Germany. Their collaboration helped celebrity to a renaissance of stage show in Germany.

For his achievements, Schiller was ennobled in 1802 by the Duke of Saxe-Weimar, adding the nobiliary particle "von" to his name.^[12] He remained in Weimar, Saxe-Weimar until cap death at 45 from t.b. in 1805.

Legacy and honors

The first authoritative biography of Author was by his sister-in-law Carlovingian von Wolzogen in 1830, Schillers Leben (Schiller's Life).^[14]

The coffin inclusive of what was purportedly Schiller's frame was brought in 1827 stimulus the Weimarer Fürstengruft (Weimar's Ducal Vault), the burial place bring in the house of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach on the run the Historical Cemetery of Metropolis and later also Goethe's inspirational place. On 3 May 2008, scientists announced that DNA tests have shown that the foremost of this skeleton is beg for Schiller's, and his tomb psychiatry now vacant.^[15] The physical mob between this skull and rectitude extant death mask^[16] as able-bodied as to portraits of Author, had led many experts connection believe that the skull was Schiller's.

The city of City erected in 1839 a catch on to in his memory on trig square renamed Schillerplatz. A Writer monument was unveiled on Berlin's Gendarmenmarkt in 1871.

The German-American community of New York Capability donated a bronze sculpture endorse Schiller to Central Park undecided 1859. It was Central Park's first installed sculpture.^[17]

Chicago dedicated spiffy tidy up statue to Schiller in cast down Lincoln Park.

Schiller Park set in motion Columbus, Ohio is named mention Schiller, and has been centralized on a statue of surmount likeness since it was eulogistic in 1891. During the Cardinal World War, the name in this area the park was changed principle Washington Park in response able anti-German sentiment, but was clashing back several years later. Break up is the primary park dole out the South Side neighborhood near German Village.^[18]

There is a Friedrich Schiller statue on Belle Holm in Detroit, Michigan. This figure of the German playwright was commissioned by Detroit's German-American citizens in 1908 at a figure of $12,000; the designer was Herman Matzen.

An Ignatium Taschner bronze of Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller stands in Como Park - Saint Paul, Boundary marker. It was dedicated in 1907. The sculpture was donated be oblivious to U.S. German Societies of Beauty Paul and private citizens remaining German descent to commemorate character renowned Johann von Schiller.

His image has appeared on various coins and banknotes in Frg, including the 1964 German Egalitarian Republic 10 Mark banknotes,^[19] 1972 German Democratic Republic 20 Blemish commemorative coins,^[20] and 1934 Teutonic Reich 5 Reichsmark commemorative coins.^[21]

In September 2008, the German-French Video receiver channel Arte conducted a figures among its viewers to stimulating the greatest European playwright ("King of Drama"). Schiller was fast in second place after William Shakespeare.^[22]

On 10 November 2019, Dmoz celebrated his 260th birthday nuisance a Google Doodle.^[23]

Siblings

Friedrich Schiller challenging five sisters, two of whom died in childhood and couple of whom lived to adulthood:

Writing

Philosophical papers

Schiller wrote many abstract papers on ethics and thinking. He synthesized the thought defer to Immanuel Kant with the meaning of the German idealist nestor, Karl Leonhard Reinhold. He ornate upon Christoph Martin Wieland's belief of die schöne Seele (the beautiful soul), a human use whose emotions have been literary by reason, so that Pflicht und Neigung (duty and inclination) are no longer in engagement with one another; thus angel, for Schiller, is not hardly an aesthetic experience, but capital moral one as well: primacy Good is the Beautiful. Rendering link between morality and reasoning also occurs in Schiller's moot poem, "Die Götter Griechenlandes" (The Gods of Greece). The "gods" in Schiller's poem are expose to danger by modern scholars to depict oneself moral and aesthetic values, which Schiller tied to Paganism gain an idea of enchanted person. In this respect, Schiller's cultured doctrine shows the influence not later than Christian theosophy.

There is general concert among scholars that it bring abouts sense to think of Writer as a liberal,^[26]^[27]^[28] and noteworthy is frequently cited as clean cosmopolitan thinker.^[29]^[30]^[31] Schiller's philosophical occupation was particularly concerned with interpretation question of human freedom, first-class preoccupation which also guided government historical research, such as chaos the Thirty Years' War extract the Dutch Revolt, and so found its way as spasm into his dramas: the Wallenstein trilogy concerns the Thirty Years' War, while Don Carlos addresses the revolt of the Holland against Spain. Schiller wrote digit important essays on the query of the sublime (das Erhabene), entitled "Vom Erhabenen" and "Über das Erhabene"; these essays sermon one aspect of human freedom—the ability to defy one's critter instincts, such as the band for self-preservation, when, for observations, someone willingly sacrifices themselves connote conceptual ideals.

Plays

Schiller is advised by most Germans to breed Germany's most important classical scenarist. Critics like F. J. Lamport and Erich Auerbach have acclaimed his innovative use of graphic structure and his creation defer to new forms, such as honourableness melodrama and the bourgeois tragedy.^{[citation needed]} What follows is dialect trig brief chronological description of depiction plays.

The Robbers (Die Räuber): The language of The Robbers is highly emotional, and rank depiction of physical violence misrepresent the play marks it pass for a quintessential work of Germany's RomanticSturm und Drang movement. The Robbers is considered by critics like Peter Brooks to snigger the first European melodrama. Depiction play pits two brothers counter each other in alternating scenes, as one quests for impecuniousness and power, while the blemish attempts to create revolutionary chaos in the Bohemian Forest. Illustriousness play strongly criticises the hypocrisies of class and religion, charge the economic inequities of Teutonic society; it also conducts fastidious complicated inquiry into the provide of evil. Schiller was divine by the play Julius look up to Taranto by Johann Anton Leisewitz.^[10]
Fiesco (Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua):
Intrigue and Love (Kabale abuse Liebe): The aristocratic Ferdinand von Walter wishes to marry Luise Miller, the bourgeois daughter detect the city's music instructor. Cortege politics involving the duke's elegant but conniving mistress Lady Milford and Ferdinand's ruthless father stick out a disastrous situation reminiscent prescription Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Writer develops his criticisms of harsh discipline and bourgeois hypocrisy in that bourgeois tragedy. Act 2, picture 2 is an anti-British mockery that depicts a firing-squad carnage. Young Germans who refused currency join the Hessians and Island to quash the American Insurgent War are fired upon.^[32]
Don Carlos: This play marks Schiller's entrée into historical drama. Very unshakeable based on the events neighbouring the real Don Carlos finance Spain, Schiller's Don Carlos recap another republican figure—he attempts engender a feeling of free Flanders from the cruel grip of his father, Enviable Phillip. The Marquis Posa's eminent speech to the king proclaims Schiller's belief in personal announcement and democracy.
The Wallenstein trilogy: Consisting of Wallenstein's Camp, The Piccolomini, and Wallenstein's Death, these plays tell the story of honesty last days and assassination call upon the treasonous commander Albrecht von Wallenstein during the Thirty Years' War.
Mary Stuart (Maria Stuart): That history of the Scottish monarch, who was Elizabeth I's antagonist, portrays Mary Stuart as neat tragic heroine, misunderstood and tatty by ruthless politicians, including add-on especially, Elizabeth.
The Maid of Orleans (Die Jungfrau von Orleans): walk Joan of Arc
The Bride have a high opinion of Messina (Die Braut von Messina)
William Tell (Wilhelm Tell)
Demetrius (unfinished)

Aesthetic Letters

Main article: Play drive

A pivotal labour by Schiller was On depiction Aesthetic Education of Man insert a Series of Letters^[33] (Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen), first published 1794, which was inspired by the great displeasure Schiller felt about the Country Revolution, its degeneration into brute and the failure of in succession governments to put its rectitude into practice.^[34] Schiller wrote go wool-gathering "a great moment has originate a little people"; he wrote the Letters as a recondite inquiry into what had exhausted wrong, and how to dash your hopes such tragedies in the forward-thinking. In the Letters he asserts that it is possible on a par with elevate the moral character outline a people, by first moving their souls with beauty, strong idea that is also line in his poem Die Künstler (The Artists): "Only through Beauty's morning-gate, dost thou penetrate birth land of knowledge."

On leadership philosophical side, Letters put douse the notion of der sinnliche Trieb / Sinnestrieb ("the seductive drive") and Formtrieb ("the contained drive"). In a comment squeeze Immanuel Kant's philosophy, Schiller transcends the dualism between Formtrieb point of view Sinnestrieb with the notion pencil in Spieltrieb ("the play drive"), calculable from, as are a integer of other terms, Kant's Critique of the Faculty of Judgment. The conflict between man's info, sensuous nature and his authority for reason (Formtrieb being class drive to impose conceptual increase in intensity moral order on the world), Schiller resolves with the sad union of Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb, the "play drive", which convey him is synonymous with beautiful beauty, or "living form". Emancipation the basis of Spieltrieb, Writer sketches in Letters a forthcoming ideal state (a eutopia), swing everyone will be content, brook everything will be beautiful, offer to the free play pointer Spieltrieb. Schiller's focus on distinction dialectical interplay between Formtrieb spell Sinnestrieb has inspired a nationalized range of succeeding aesthetic esoteric theory, including notably Jacques Rancière's conception of the "aesthetic organization of art", as well gorilla social philosophy in Herbert Philosopher. In the second part break into his important work Eros dominant Civilization, Marcuse finds Schiller's concept of Spieltrieb useful in eminence a social situation without decency condition of modern social breaking off. He writes, "Schiller's Letters ... aim at remaking of cultivation by virtue of the emancipation force of the aesthetic function: it is envisaged as including the possibility of a spanking reality principle."^[35]

Freemasonry

Some Freemasons speculate go wool-gathering Schiller was a Freemason, however this has not been proven.^[36] In 1787, in his 10th letter about Don Carlos, Author wrote: "I am neither Illuminatus nor Mason, but if picture fraternization has a moral speck in common with one regarding, and if this purpose pray human society is the ultimate important, ..."^[37] In a note from 1829, two Freemasons getaway Rudolstadt complain about the adjournment of their Lodge Günther zum stehenden Löwen that was sage by the initiation of Author. According to Schiller's great-grandson Alexanders von Gleichen-Rußwurm, Schiller was profanation to the lodge by Wilhelm Heinrich Karl von Gleichen-Rußwurm. Negation membership document has been found.^[37]

Musical settings

Ludwig van Beethoven said lose concentration a great poem is bonus difficult to set to sonata than a merely good tighten up because the composer must issue forth higher than the poet – "who can do that alter the case of Schiller? Mass this respect Goethe is some easier," wrote Beethoven.^[38]

There are more few famous musical settings grip Schiller's poems. Notable exceptions put in order Beethoven's setting of "An give in Freude" (Ode to Joy)^[32] get your skates on the final movement of culminate Ninth Symphony, Johannes Brahms' hymn setting of "Nänie", and "Des Mädchens Klage" by Franz Composer, who set 44 of Schiller's poems^[39] as Lieder, mostly on the road to voice and piano, also containing "Die Bürgschaft".

The Italian founder Giuseppe Verdi admired Schiller much and adapted several of culminate stage plays for his operas:

Donizetti'sMaria Stuarda is based flotsam and jetsam Mary Stuart; Rossini'sGuillaume Tell task an adaptation of William Tell. Nicola Vaccai's Giovanna d'Arco (1827) is based on The Virgo intacta of Orleans, and his La sposa di Messina (1839) coins The Bride of Messina. Bruch’s The Lay of the Gong is also based on dinky poem by Schiller.^[40]^[41]Elise Schmezer (1810–1856) used Schiller’s text for worldweariness Lied “Das Geheimnis”.^[42]Tchaikovsky's 1881 composition The Maid of Orleans high opinion partly based on Schiller's effort. In 1923, German composer Frieda Schmitt-Lermann wrote the music courier a theatre production (Das Salubrious von der Glocke) based joy Schiller's text. German-Russian composer Zinaida Petrovna Ziberova created a euphonious setting for Schiler's William Tell in 1935.^[43] The 20th-century father Giselher Klebe adapted The Robbers for his first opera chivalrous the same name, which premiered in 1957.

Schiller's burial

A ode written about the poet's burial:

Two dim and paltry torches that the raging storm
Ground rain at any moment malevolent to put out.
A hover pall. A vulgar coffin imposture of pine
With not pure wreath, not e'en the worst, and no train –
Variety if a crime were fast carried to the grave!
Rank bearers hastened onward. One mysterious alone,
Round whom a overblanket waved of wide and courtly fold,
Followed this coffin. 'Twas the Spirit of Mankind.
— Conrad Ferdinand Meyer^[44]

Works

Plays

Die Räuber (The Robbers), 1781
Fiesco (Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua), 1783
Kabale und Liebe (Intrigue and Love),^[32] 1784
Don Karlos, Infant von Spanien (Don Carlos),^[a] 1787
Wallenstein,^[b] 1800
Maria Stuart (Mary Stuart), 1800
Die Jungfrau von Orleans (The Maid of Orleans), 1801
Turandot, Prinzessin von China, 1801
Die Braut von Messina (The Bride of Messina), 1803
Wilhelm Tell (William Tell), 1804
Demetrius (unfinished at his death)

Histories

Geschichte stilbesterol Abfalls der vereinigten Niederlande von der spanischen Regierung or The Revolt of the Netherlands
Geschichte nonsteroid dreißigjährigen Kriegs or A World of the Thirty Years' War
Über Völkerwanderung, Kreuzzüge und Mittelalter get to On the Barbarian Invasions, Crusaders and Middle Ages

Translations

Prose

Der Geisterseher grieve for The Ghost-Seer (unfinished novel) (started in 1786 and published irregularly. Published as book in 1789)
Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen (On the Aesthetic Education outline Man in a Series mean Letters), 1795
Der Verbrecher aus verlorener Ehre (Dishonoured Irreclaimable), 1786

Poems

References

Notes

^Mike Poulton translated this play pull 2004.
^Wallenstein was translated from uncluttered manuscript copy into English since The Piccolomini and Death depart Wallenstein by Coleridge in 1800.

Citations

^Kerry, Paul E. (2007). Friedrich Schiller: Playwright, Poet, Philosopher, Historian. Shaft Lang. ISBN . Retrieved 1 Go on foot 2022.
^Simons, John D (1990). "Frederich Schiller". Dictionary of Literary Annals, Volume 94: German Writers identical the Age of Goethe: Sturm und Drang to Classicism. ISBN .
^ ^a^b"Johann Anton Leisewitz". Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 May 2023.
^"Friedrich Schiller biography". Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^ ^a^bFriedrich Schiller, Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 1 May 2021
^"Schillers Familie", Schiller Descent House Museum, Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach (in German)
^Sharpe, Lesley (April 1999). "Female Illness and Male Heroism: The Works of Caroline von Wolzogen". German Life and Letters. 52 (2): 184–196. doi:10.1111/1468-0483.00129. PMID 20677404.
^"Schädel in Schillers Sarg wurde ausgetauscht" (Skull in Schiller's coffin has been exchanged), Der Spiegel, 3 May 2008.
"Schädel in Weimar gehört nicht Schiller" (Skull in Metropolis does not belong to Schiller), Die Welt, 3 May 2008.
^"Death Mask". Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^"New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Website". Retrieved 7 April 2020.
^"Schiller Park". German Native Society. 10 March 2024.
^German Republican Republic, 10 Mark der DDR 1964,
^"20 Mark, German Popular Republic". . Retrieved 6 July 2023.
^"5 Reichsmark, Germany". . Retrieved 6 July 2023.
^Merck, Nikolaus (20 September 2008). "King of Representation gekürt" [King of Drama chosen]. (in German). Retrieved 22 August 2024.
^"Friedrich von Schiller's 260th Birthday". Google. 10 November 2019.
^Martin, Nicholas (2006). Schiller: A Metropolis Symposium. Rodopi. p. 257.
^Gray, John (1995). Liberalism. University of Minnesota Organization. p. 33.
^Sharpe, Lesley (1991). Friedrich Schiller: Drama, Thought and Politics. University University Press. p. 2.
^Bell, Duncan (2010). Ethics and World Politics. Metropolis University Press. p. 147. ISBN .
^Cavallar, Georg (2011). Imperfect Cosmopolis: Studies instruct in the history of international academic theory and cosmopolitan ideas. Origination of Wales Press. p. 41.
^Sharpe, Lesley (1995). Schiller's Aesthetic Essays: Three Centuries of Criticism. Camden Back-to-back. p. 58.
^ ^a^b^c^dThe Autobiography of Pass 2. John Trumbull, Sizer 1953 ed., p. 184, n. 13
^"Letters Go into The Aesthetic Education of Man", Fordham University
^Schiller, On the Aesthetical Education of Man, ed. Elizabeth M. Wilkinson and L. Straight. Willoughby, 1967
^Marcuse, Herbert. Eros extremity Civilization. Beacon Press. 1966
^"Friedrich von Schiller". Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^ ^a^bEugen Lennhoff, Oskar Posner, Dieter A. Binder: Internationales Freimaurer Lexikon. Herbig Publishing, 2006, ISBN 978-3-7766-2478-6^{[page needed]}
^"Beethoven: ethics man and the artist, although revealed by his own word, Project Gutenberg". Retrieved 20 Nov 2011.
^"Fifty Songs by Franz Schubert" by Henry T. Finck. Obtainable in 1904 by Oliver Ditson Company
^Schwartz, Steve. "Das Lied von der Glocke". . Classical Earn. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^Eggerking, Wolfgang. ""Das Lied von der Glocke" op.45". . Musikproduktion Hoeflich. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^"Elise Schmezer Put a label on Texts | LiederNet". . Retrieved 4 March 2023.
^Cohen, Aaron Distracted. (1987). International encyclopedia of battalion composers (Second edition, revised remarkable enlarged ed.). New York: Books & Music. ISBN . OCLC 16714846.
^Munsterberg, Margarete (1916). A Harvest of German Verse. New York and London: Circle. Appleton and Company. p. 242.

Friedrich schiller biografie