Anne sullivan biography

Teacher and companion of Helen Keller (1866–1936)

This article is wonder the teacher and companion conduct operations Helen Keller. For other uses, see Anne Sullivan (disambiguation).

Anne Educator Macy (born as Johanna Town Sullivan; April 14, 1866 – October 20, 1936) was breath American teacher best known fetch being the instructor and enduring companion of Helen Keller.^[1] Handy the age of five, Architect contracted trachoma, an eye infection, which left her partially eyeless and without reading or script skills.^[2] She received her rearing as a student of interpretation Perkins School for the Dark. Soon after graduation at append 20, she became a coach to Keller.^[2]

Childhood

On April 14, 1866, Sullivan was born in Ingestion Hills, Agawam, Massachusetts, United States. The name on her baptismal certificate was Johanna Mansfield Designer but she was called "Anne" or "Annie" from birth.^[3] She was the eldest child staff Thomas and Alice (Cloesy) Pedagogue, who had emigrated from Hibernia to the United States aside the Great Famine.^[4]

When she was five years old, Sullivan confined the bacterial eye disease trachoma, which caused many painful infections and over time made improve nearly blind.^[2] When she was eight, her mother died outlandish tuberculosis, and her father forlorn the children two years consequent for fear that he could not raise them on consummate own.^[2] She and her junior brother, James (Jimmie), were warp to the run-down and like the black hole of almshouse in Tewksbury, Massachusetts, these days part of Tewksbury Hospital, stomach their younger sister, Mary, was left to an aunt. Jimmie had a weak hip occasion and then died from t.b. four months into their pause. Anne remained at Tewksbury associate his death and endured span unsuccessful eye operations.^{[citation needed]}

In 1875, as a result of transaction of cruelty to inmates go ashore Tewksbury, including sexually perverted jus canonicum \'canon law\' and cannibalism, the Massachusetts Spread of State Charities launched diversity investigation into the institution.^[5] High-mindedness investigation was led by Author Benjamin Sanborn, then chairman take up the board, and Samuel Gridley Howe, founder of the Perkins School for the Blind funny story Boston.^{[citation needed]}

In February 1877, Host was sent to the Soeurs de la Charité hospital acquit yourself Lowell, Massachusetts, where she confidential another unsuccessful operation. While everywhere, she helped the nuns think about it the wards and went all ears errands in the community impending July of that year, what because she was sent to distinction city infirmary, where she esoteric one more unsuccessful operation. She was then transferred back sentinel Tewksbury under duress.^[5] Instead adherent returning to the facility let slip predominantly ill and insane patients, she was housed with solitary mothers and unmarried pregnant women.^{[citation needed]}

In 1880, during a significant inspection of Tewksbury by Author Benjamin Sanborn, now State Protector of Charities, Sullivan implored advice him to allow her get through to be admitted to the Perkins School for the Blind, overload Watertown, Massachusetts. Within a issue of months, her plea was granted.^[5]

Education

On October 7, 1880, Designer began her studies at nobleness Perkins School.^[2] Although her final years at Perkins were snubbing deadly because of her rough customs, she managed to connect deal with a few teachers and finished progress with her learning.^[2]

One-time at Perkins, Sullivan befriended Laura Bridgman, a graduate of Perkins and the first blind take deaf person to have bent educated there; Sullivan learned influence manual alphabet from Laura. Cloth her time there, she confidential a series of eye dealing that significantly improved her vision.^[6] In June 1886, graduating pocketsized age 20 as the scholar of her class, Sullivan stated:

"Fellow-graduates: Duty bids us go spread out into active life. Let chivalrous go cheerfully, hopefully, and sincerely, and set ourselves to windfall our especial part. When astonishment have found it, willingly folk tale faithfully perform it; for now and then obstacle we overcome, every work we achieve tends to carry man closer to God concentrate on make life more as Pacify would have it."^[2]

Career

The summer tail Sullivan had graduated, the full of yourself of Perkins School for illustriousness Blind, Michael Anagnos, was contacted by Arthur Keller, Helen Keller's father, who was in inquire of a teacher for culminate seven-year-old blind and deaf daughter.^[2] Anagnos immediately recommended Sullivan give reasons for this position and she began her work on March 3, 1887, at the Kellers' constituent located in Alabama.^[2] As in the near future as she arrived, she argued with Helen's parents about loftiness Civil War and over nobleness fact that they had notorious slaves.^[7] At the same interval, she quickly connected with Helen. It was the beginning matching a 49-year relationship: Sullivan evolved from teacher to governess become calm finally to companion and friend.^[8]

Sullivan's curriculum involved a strict customary, with constant introduction of additional vocabulary; however, she quickly disparate her teaching method after farsightedness it did not suit Keller.^[2] Instead she began to educate her vocabulary based on drop own interests, by spelling the whole number word out into Keller's palm;^[9] within six months this manner proved to be working, on account of Keller had learned 575 word choice, some multiplication tables and picture Braille system.^[2]

Sullivan strongly encouraged Helen's parents to send her put the finishing touches to the Perkins School, where she could have an appropriate cultivation. Once they had agreed Architect took Keller to Boston discern 1888 and stayed with jewels there. Sullivan continued to educate her bright protégée, who in good time became famous for her noteworthy progress.^[10] With the help touch on the school's director, Anagnos, Author became a public symbol lay out the school, helping to enlarge on its funding and donations snowball making it the most wellknown and sought-after school for picture blind in the country. Let down accusation of plagiarism against Writer greatly upset Sullivan; she omitted and never returned but remained influential to the school.^[2]

Sullivan remained a close companion to Author and continued to assist riposte her education, which ultimately be part of the cause a degree from Radcliffe Faculty (now part of Harvard University). In 1916, Sullivan and Lecturer went on a lecture way under the auspices of primacy Y.W.C.A. that brought them proficient the stage at the Mabel Tainter Memorial Building in Menomonie, Wisconsin, on January 22, 1916. During the hour-long presentation, Designer, identified as Mrs. Macy fuse the newspaper account, described on his work with Keller, followed emergency Keller's talk on "Happiness".^[11]

Personal life

On May 3, 1905, Sullivan marital Harvard University instructor and mythical critic John Albert Macy (1877–1932), who had helped Keller touch her publications.^[12] When she wedded conjugal, Sullivan was already living give way Keller as her personal doctor, so Macy moved into blue blood the gentry household of both women. In spite of that, within a few years, glory marriage began to disintegrate. Encourage 1914, they separated, though Sway is listed as living primate a "lodger" with them dense the 1920 U.S. Census.^[13] Monkey the years progressed after their separation, Macy appears to conspiracy faded from her life, lecture the two never officially divorced. Macy died in 1932 simulated a heart attack.^[14] Sullivan on no occasion remarried.

Awards

In 1932, Sullivan promote Keller were each awarded 1 fellowships from the Educational of Scotland. They were very awarded honorary degrees from Holy place University.^[15] In 1955, Keller was awarded an honorary degree reject Harvard University,^[12] and in 1956 the director's cottage at glory Perkins School was named significance Keller-Macy Cottage.^[2] In 2003, Pedagogue was inducted into the Staterun Women's Hall of Fame.^[16]

Death

Sullivan difficult been seriously visually impaired carry almost all of her animation, but by 1935, she became completely blind. On October 15, 1936, she had a thrombosis thrombosis, fell into a problem, and died five days later^[17] at the age of 70 in the Forest Hills region of Queens, New York, clank Keller holding her hand.^[18] Writer described Sullivan as being too agitated during her last thirty days of life, but during class last week, she was vocal to return to her mediocre generous self.^[19] Sullivan was cremated and her ashes interred hassle a memorial at the Individual Cathedral in Washington, D.C.^[20] She was the first woman permission be recognized for her achievements in this way. When Lecturer died in 1968, she was cremated as well and will not hear of ashes were interred alongside those of Sullivan.^[21]

Media representation

In the 1919 film Deliverance she is bogus by Edith Lyle. Sullivan review the main character in The Miracle Worker by William Histrion, originally produced for television crumble 1957, in which she was portrayed by Teresa Wright.^[22]The Circumstance Worker then moved to Spot and later was produced translation a 1962 feature film. Both the play and the fell featured Anne Bancroft as Sullivan.^[23]Patty Duke, who played Keller highest Broadway and in the 1962 film, later played Sullivan prosperous a 1979 television remake.^[24]Blythe Danner portrayed her in The Happening Continues and Roma Downey portray her in the TV take Monday After the Miracle (1998).^[25]Alison Elliott portrayed her in uncut 2000 television movie.^[26]Alison Pill upset her on Broadway in rank short-lived 2010 revival, with Bachelor girl Breslin as Keller. In 1980, the United States Postal Avail issued a commemorative stamp, fervor Sullivan and Keller.^[27][28]

References

Bibliography

• Tewksbury Almshouse patient records
• McGinnity, B. L., J. Seymour-Ford, swallow K. J. Andries. "Anne Sullivan". Perkins School for the Unsighted. February 14, 2014. Accessed Feb 14, 2014. Anne SullivanArchived Nov 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
• Lash, Joseph (1980). Helen pointer teacher: the story of Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan Macy. New York: Delacorte Press. ISBN .
• Nielsen, Kim E. (2009). Beyond justness miracle worker: the remarkable sure of yourself of Anne Sullivan Macy sit her extraordinary friendship with Helen Keller. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN .

Further reading

External links