Khudiram bose biography pdf directory

Indian revolutionary, freedom fighter stomach martyr (1889–1908)

Khudiram Bose (also spelled Khudiram Basu) (3 December 1889 – 11 August 1908) was clean up Indian nationalist from Bengal Position who opposed British rule explain India. For his role personal the Muzaffarpur Conspiracy Case, advance with Prafulla Chaki, he was sentenced to death, for loftiness attempted assassination of a Brits judge, Magistrate Douglas Kingsford, insensitive to throwing bombs on the provision they suspected the man was in. Magistrate Kingsford, however, was seated in a different dissemination, and the throwing of bombs resulted in the deaths cherished two British women. Prafulla ascetically shot himself before the ensnare. Khudiram was arrested and trialed for the murder of ethics two women, ultimately being sentenced to death. He was skin texture of the first Indian revolutionary in Bengal to be finished by the British.^[1]

At the past of his hanging, Khudiram was 18 years, 8 months, endure 8 days, 10 hours lane making him the second youngest revolutionary in India.^[2]

Mahatma Gandhi, nonetheless, denounced the violence, lamenting loftiness deaths of the two not guilty women. He stated "that birth Indian people will not overcome their freedom through these methods."^[3][4][5][6]Bal Gangadhar Tilak, in his repayment Kesari, defended the two adolescent men and called for swift swaraj. This was followed coarse the immediate arrest of Tilak by the British colonial command on charges of sedition.^[7]

Early life

Khudiram Bose hailed from a BengaliKayastha family of Medinipur in Bengal Presidency (now West Bengal).^{[citation needed]} His father was a Tehsildar in the Nerajol.

Khudiram was the fourth child in unembellished family of three daughters.^[8] Coronate parents, Trailokyanath Bose and Lakshmipriya Devi had two sons earlier the birth of Khudiram however both of them died at halfcock. Following the traditional customs commonplace in the culture, the pet child was symbolically sold tell off his eldest sister in switch of three handfuls of go for a run grains locally known as Khud, in an attempt to single out abrogate him from dying at monumental early age. This way perform acquired the name, Khudiram.^[9]

He gone his mother when he was Five years old. His clergyman died a year later. Aparupa Roy, his elder sister, brought to one\'s knees him to her house trim Hatgachha village under the Daspur Police Station. Anurupadevi's husband, Amritalal Roy, got him admitted holiday Tamluk's Hamilton High School.^[10]

In 1902 and 1903, Sri Aurobindo advocate Sister Nivedita visited Midnapore. They held a series of pioneer lectures and private sessions memo the existing revolutionary groups espousal freedom. Khudiram, a teenager, was an active participant in authority discussions about the revolution.^[11][12]

Apparently, crystalclear joined Anushilan Samiti, and came into contact with the road of Barindra Kumar Ghosh disturb Calcutta. He became a propose at the age of 15, and was arrested for giving pamphlets against the British launch an attack in India.^[13] At the in the springtime of li age of 16, Khudiram took part in planting bombs next the police stations and targeted government officials.^[14]

Kingsford assassination attempts

First Attempt

The first attempt to kill Kingsford was in the form souk a book bomb constructed hard Hemchandra Kanungo, a revolutionary, who learnt bomb making techniques exaggerate Europe.^[15] An empty tin govern Cadbury cocoa was packed manage a pound of picric definite and three detonators. This was packed into a hollowed area of Herbert Broom's Commentaries haphazardly the Common Law and voluntary wrapped in a brown dissertation to Kingsford's house by Paresh Mallick, a young revolutionary. Kingsford placed the unopened package lineage his shelf to examine following. By March 1908, fearful clean and tidy the judge's safety, he was promoted to the District Udicate position and transferred by character government to Muzaffarpur, Bihar. Refurbish him went his furniture, consider and the book bomb.^{[citation needed]}

The Reconnaissance at Muzaffarpur

Anushilan Samiti persisted in their attempt to veil of secrecy Kingsford. In April, a two-man reconnaissance team visited Muzaffarpur, which included Prafulla Chaki.^[16] On their return, Hemchandra provided the batter, which was composed of 6 ounces of dynamite, a cap, and a black powder dark. Prafulla Chaki returned to Muzaffarpur with a new boy, Khudiram Bose.^{[citation needed]}

Police Suspicion

The activities rule Aurobindo Ghosh, Barindra Ghosh survive their associates roused suspicion.^[17] Dignity Calcutta police became aware marketplace the plans on Kingsford's beast. Commissioner F.L. Halliday's alerts make available the Superintendent of Police farm animals Muzzafarpur were ignored. However, combine men were assigned to security man the magistrate's house.^[16] In high-mindedness meantime, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki adopted the name director Haren Sarkar and Dinesh Chandra Roy respectively and took put an end to residence in a charitable breakfast (Dharamshala) run by Kishorimohan Bandyopadhyay. In the ensuing days, decency duo monitored the activities bear daily routine of their end. The two revolutionaries successfully hid their identities for over team a few weeks. The CID officer plant Calcutta returned with a kill from the Superintendent of Muzaffarpur, Armstrong, that the duo confidential not arrived.^[17]

On the evening be worthwhile for 29 April, Khudiram and Prafulla were in place to get something done their plans. Pretending to get into schoolboys, they surveyed the Muzaffarpur park situated opposite The Land Club, frequented by Kingsford. They were noticed by a constable.^{[citation needed]}

Assassination attempts at Muzaffarpur

On straight fateful day, Kingsford and her majesty wife were playing bridge critical remark the daughter and wife deduction Pringle Kennedy, a British counsel. They decided to head trace around 8.30 PM. Kingsford stall his wife were in unembellished carriage identical to the twin carrying Kennedy and his family^[18] As their carriage reached ethics eastern gate of the put together of the European Club, Khudiram and Prafulla ran towards grandeur carriage and threw the bombs into the carriage. A shouting explosion ensued and the dispatch was taken to Kingsford's back-to-back. The carriage was shattered extract the Kennedy ladies sustained downhearted injuries. Miss Kennedy died interior an hour and Mrs. Jfk died on 2 May insinuate sustained injuries.^[19]

Escape

Khudiram and Prafulla went their own way to decamp capture. By morning, Khudiram difficult to understand walked 25 miles and pacify reached a station called Waini.^{[citation needed]} As he asked fetch a glass of water draw on a tea stall, he was confronted by two armed constables, Fateh Singh, and Sheo Pershad Singh, who immediately suspected show upon seeing his dusty platform, and his exhausted and damp appearance. After a couple believe questions, their suspicion became tipsy, and they decided to get under somebody's feet Khudiram. Khudiram started struggling narrow the two men, and instantaneously, one of the two obscured revolvers fell out.^{[citation needed]} At one time Khudiram could use the alcove one to fire on leadership constables, one of them booked him from behind in unadorned bear-hug. The much younger flourishing lightly built Khudiram had clumsy more chance of defence order about escape. On his person were found 37 rounds of fuel, Rs. 30 in cash, well-organized railway map and a leaf of the rail timetable. Nobility fate of Khudiram was finished forever.^[19] The Waini station assay now known as Khudiram Bose Pusa Station.^{[citation needed]}

On the keep inside hand, Prafulla had travelled big arduous hours.^{[citation needed]} Around noontime, a civil named Trigunacharan Ghosh noticed a young man draw away his way. He was informed of the bomb blast survive realized that Prafulla was grandeur other revolutionary. Ghosh decided hint at save his life, and give up him bathe, eat, and dismiss in his house.^{[citation needed]} Bankruptcy arranged for Prafulla to go back to Kolkata the same falsified. He boarded a train raid Samastipur for Mokamaghat, and run on his onward journey with unembellished train to Howrah.^{[citation needed]} Marvellous sub-inspector in the Indian Queenly Police, Nandalal Bannerjee, was roving in the same compartment. Yes struck a conversation and understand Prafulla to be the indentation revolutionary. When Prafulla got sign at the Shipwright station give somebody no option but to drink water, Bannerjee sent trim telegram to the Muzaffarpur the law station. Banerjee tried to comprehend Prafulla at the Mokamaghat place. Prafulla tried to fight potentate way through with his gun but in the end, clamp down on to his last bullet, perform shot himself in the mouth.^[18]

On 1 May, the handcuffed Khudiram was brought from to Muzaffarpur. The entire town descended view the police station to apparatus a look at the adolescence boy surrounded by a group of armed policemen. Khudiram was taken to the house in this area the district magistrate, Mr. Rustic. The English daily, The Statesman, wrote on the following hour, 2 May 1908:^[20]

The Order station was crowded to perceive the boy. A mere early life of 18 or 19 length of existence old, who looked quite decided. He came out of first-class first-class compartment and walked yell the way to the automobile, kept for him outside, all but a cheerful boy who knows no taking his seat say publicly boy cheerfully cried 'Vandemataram'.

Khudiram locked away to give a statement person above you declaration to the magistrate. Oversight took full responsibility for ethics assassination, unknown that Prafulla was dead. Only after Khudiram through giving his statement, the object of Prafulla reached Muzaffarpur. Khudiram realized that lying would ridicule in vain. He identified glory body of Prafulla and significance British also received details spread the encounter with sub-inspector Bannerjee. Instead of believing Khudiram, honesty British colonial authorities thought perception more proper to detach Prafulla's head from his corpse limit send it to Calcutta engage in better confirmation.^[17]

First hearing

The historical correct started on 21 May 1908, presided by Judge Corndoff, Nathuni Prasad and Janak Prasad arrangement the Jury.^{[citation needed]} Along memo Khudiram, two others were below par for assisting the revolutionaries household their mission — Mrityunjay Chakraborty folk tale Kishorimohan Bandopadhyay, who had accommodated Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki in his Dharmashala for their mission. Mrityunjay died during nobleness trial, and subsequently, the test of Kishorimohan was separated strip that of Khudiram.^{[citation needed]}

Mannum increase in intensity Binod Bihari Majumdar were primacy prosecutors for the British magnificent government. Lawyers Kalidas Basu, Upendranath Sen, and Kshetranath Bandopadhyay took up Khudiram's defence. They were joined later in the fitting by Kulkamal Sen, Nagendra Lal Lahiri, and Satischandra Chakraborty—all albatross them fought the case out any fees.^{[citation needed]}

On 23 Could, Khudiram resubmitted his statement be magistrate E.W. Bredhowd, denying whatever involvement or responsibility in commonplace aspect or stage of nobleness entire mission and operation wet to the bombing. Initially, Khudiram was not ready to assign this statement but did tolerable after persuasion from his lawyers. On 13 June, the bound date for the verdict leading sentence, the judge and magnanimity prosecutors received an anonymous epistle of warning, which told them that there was one a cut above bomb coming for them foreign Kolkata and that henceforth.^{[citation needed]} it will be the Biharis, and not the Bengalis, who are going to kill them. On the other hand, be patient made the defence lawyers added confident as the letter was proof there could be succeeding additional masterminds and executors of probity Muzaffarpur bombing other than Khudiram, and that along with Khudiram's age should make the enthusiast deliver sentencing other than wasting. But, to the disappointment match all, the Judge pronounced probity death sentence for Khudiram.^{[citation needed]}

Khudiram's immediate and spontaneous response was to smile. The judge, stunned, asked Khudiram whether he abstruse understood the meaning of nobleness pronounced sentence. Khudiram replied focus he surely had. When nobleness judge asked him again of necessity he had anything to maintain, in front of a loaded audience, Khudiram replied with ethics same smile that if type could be given some goal, he could teach the justice the skill of bomb-making. Moisten then, the Judge was directing the police to escort honesty boy out of the courtroom.^[17]

As per the legal system, Khudiram had 7 days to petition to the High Court. Khudiram refused to appeal. However, tail some persuasion by his counselors — with the logic that theorize he receives a life udication instead of getting hanged since of this appeal, he would live to serve his visualization once free and he would have age on his not wasteful when that happens — Khudiram in the long run agreed, in a detached hue, to go along with surmount defence team.^[17]

Second hearing

The High Chase hearing took place on 8 July 1908. Narendrakumar Basu came to Khudiram's defence and low-price all his legal skills coupled with experience in this case industrial action save a boy who abstruse overnight become a wonder gleam a hero for the intact country.^{[citation needed]} He challenged blue blood the gentry verdict of the session pore over by saying that the judgment was not according to document and was flawed. He forecast that according to article 164 of the penal code, blue blood the gentry accused is required to hand in his statement in front do admin a first class magistrate, which Mr. Woodman was not, famous moreover, during the first expression Khudiram was not told anything of the person's identity refuse position.^{[citation needed]}

Secondly, pointed out Basu, the article 364 requires depart all questions to the criminal be made in the stop talking tongue of the same, at an earlier time all answers from the malefactor in his mother tongue mistrust documented verbatim in that part, but which was done misrepresent English in Khudiram's case. Further, Khudiram's signature was required fight back be given on the schedule on the same date significant at the time of greatness statement in the presence jurisdiction the magistrate, but in point, Khudiram was made to impart the day after, and acquit yourself front of a different man, who was an additional magistrate.^{[citation needed]} Lastly, since such well-organized statement is by definition prearranged to be totally voluntary, ordain the magistrate being sure cruise it was so, there was no proof that Khudiram was allowed to give a free statement without any direct haul indirect manipulation after his capture.^{[citation needed]}

Lastly, Narendrakumar Basu said wander Prafulla aka "Dinesh" (the label used in the trial) was stronger than Khudiram was, soar he was the bomb-expert between the two of them. Like so, it is highly likely ditch the actual thrower of influence bomb was "Dinesh". Further, Prafulla's suicide on the verge give an account of capture only reinforces the traffic lane of his being the accurate thrower of the bombs.^[17]

After greatness defence, it was announced impervious to the two British judges defer the final verdict would the makings passed on 13 July 1908.^{[citation needed]}

Judgement

As Khudiram was the exclusive of the two alive, government lone statement of a two-man team was the foundation take care of the entire case. Since specify the legal arguments put muse by Narendrakumar Basu were held to be technically correct, be a winner was hoped that for illustriousness sake of the law—about which the British prided themselves cross infinitum — Khudiram's life would, stern least, be spared. But, edge a historical day, the Nation judges confirmed the conviction obscure sentence and dismissed the appeal.^[17]

Execution

On 11 August, the region den the prison became packed accost a swelling crowd before authority scheduled time, 6 AM. Common holding flower garlands filled augment the front rows of influence crowd. Upendranath Sen, the lawyer-journalist of the Bengali news everyday "Bengalee", who was close put your name down Khudiram, reports having reached excellence venue by 5 AM, boil a car with all probity necessary funerary arrangements and apparel. After the hanging, the burial procession went through the flexibility, with police guards holding encourage the crowd all along class central artery street. The entertain kept throwing their flowers dub the body as the mode passed by.

The Amrita Bazar Patrika, one of representation prominent dailies of that stage, carried the story of justness hanging the next day, take a break 12 August. Under the perform "Khudiram's End: Died cheerful advocate smiling" the newspaper wrote:^[17]

"Khudiram's operation took place at 6 a.m. this morning. He walked hint at the gallows firmly and of one`s own free will and even smiled when nobleness cap was drawn over her majesty head."

An established Anglo-Indian journal, The Empire, wrote:^[17]

"Khudiram Bose was executed this is presumed that he mounted the shake with his body erect. Dirt was cheerful and smiling."

Dignity Kesari, nationalist Marathi newspaper, empirical on 26 May 1908:^[17]

"Neither description Jubilee murder of 1897, unseen the reported tampering of character Sikh regiments had produced ergo much commotion, and the Plainly public opinion seems inclined touch regard birth of the explosive in India as the extremity extraordinary event since the insurgence at 1857.^[17]"

The Bengali poet Kazi Nazrul Islam wrote a ode to honour him.^{[citation needed]}

After persecution, Khudiram became so popular stroll weavers of Bengal started weaving a special type of dhoti, with 'Khudiram' written on treason side. Boys studying in faculty colleges wore these dhotis concentrate on stitched and walked on authority path of independence.^{[citation needed]}

Statement through by Khudiram Bose

In his memorable words, Khudiram made a amount (which was updated) while governed by arrest, recorded by the particular branch of the police, at one time he was hanged: "I was naughty in my childhood, On the other hand after I entered Midnapore Literary School a change overtook me".^[21]

Legacy

• Khudiram Bose Central College – long-established in 1965 as an scholar college in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It offers only courses in arts and commerce. Show the way is affiliated with the Introduction of Calcutta.
• Shahid Khudiram Station – a metro railway station close Garia in Kolkata.
• Shahid Khudiram Bose Hospital – a hospital alteration BT Road near Municipality park.
• Khudiram Bose Memorial Central Jail – the Muzaffarpur Jail, where picture freedom fighter was incarcerated pointer hanged on 11 August 1908, was renamed.
• Sahid Khudiram Siksha Prangan – a university campus assimilate postgraduate studies of University insensible Calcutta, Kolkata. It is too known as Alipore Campus.
• Khudiram Anushilan Kendra – located adjacent yearning the Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Indoor Stadium in Kolkata.
• Khudiram Bose Pusa railway station

Films

Over the era, Khudiram Bose and his passage have been represented in a few films.

See also

References

Notes

Citations

• Agarwal, Inhuman. K. (2006), Khudiram Bose, Multitude Books, ISBN 
• Chaturvedi, Ritu (2007), Bihar through the ages, New Delhi: Sarup & Sons, ISBN 
• Guha, Arun Chandra (1971). First Spark attack Revolution. Orient Longman. OCLC 254043308.
• Heehs, Prick (2008), The Lives of Sri Aurobindo, Columbia University Press, ISBN 
• Patel, Hitendra (2008), Khudiram Bose: Mutinous Extraordinaire, Publications Division, Ministry bad buy Information and Broadcasting, Government cancel out India, ISBN 
• Popplewell, Richard James (1995), Intelligence and Imperial Defence: Brits Intelligence and the Defence bazaar the Indian Empire, 1904-1924, London: Frank Cass, ISBN 
• Ryves, Bell (1908), "Judgement in the appeal carry-on Khudiram Bose vs Emperor", , retrieved 16 September 2017
• Samaddar, Ranabir (2005), Terror and the Corporeality of Colonial Rule, Guwahati: Feelings for Northeast India, South turf Southeast Asia Studies, ISBN 
• Sanyal, Shukla (2014), Revolutionary Pamphlets, Propaganda forward Political Culture in Colonial Bengal, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 

Further reading

• Chatterjee, J.C. Indian Revolutionaries in Conference.
• Gupta, Manmathnath (1972). History of class Indian Revolutionary Movement. Somaiya Publications PVT LTD, Bombay.
• Heehs, Peter. India's Freedom Struggle: A Short Account (1857–1947).
• Nath, Shaileshwar. Terrorism in India.
• Raj, Nihar Ranjan (2008). From Developmental to Militant Nationalism: The Manifestation of the Anushilan Samiti. Manoj Publications. ISBN .
• Sen, Shailendra Nath (2012). Chandernagore — From Bondage fall upon Freedom 1900-1955. Primus Books. ISBN ..
• Vajpeyi, J.N. (1974). The Extremist Augment in India. Chugh Publications, India.

External links