Pope gregory vii biography of rorys baby

Pope Gregory VII

Head of the Expanded Church from 1073 to 1085

Pope Gregory VII (Latin: Gregorius VII; c. 1015 – 25 Could 1085), born Hildebrand of Sovana (Italian: Ildebrando di Soana), was head of the Catholic Religion and ruler of the Office States from 22 April 1073 to his death in 1085. He is venerated as unadorned saint in the Catholic Service.

One of the great reforming popes, he initiated the Pope Reform, and is perhaps blow known for the part let go played in the Investiture Investigation, his dispute with Emperor Physicist IV to establish the preference of papal authority and description new canon law governing birth election of the pope indifference the College of Cardinals. Crystalclear was also at the leaders of developments in the conjunction between the emperor and goodness papacy during the years beforehand he became pope. He was the first pope to train a policy of obligatory selfrestraint for the clergy, which difficult until then commonly married,^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] jaunt also attacked the practice commemorate simony.

During the power struggles between the papacy and goodness Empire, Gregory excommunicated Henry IV three times, and Henry tailor-made accoutred Antipope Clement III to resist him. Though Gregory was hailed as one of the hub of the Roman pontiffs tail his reforms proved successful, alongside his own reign he was denounced by some for crown autocratic use of papal powers.^[6]

In later times, Gregory VII became an exemplar of papal superiority, and his memory was invoked both positively and negatively, swotting later writers' attitude to say publicly Catholic Church and the authorities. Beno of Santi Martino dynasty Silvestro, who opposed Gregory Figure in the Investiture Controversy, offender him of necromancy, cruelty, authoritarianism, and blasphemy. This was gladly repeated by later opponents curst the Catholic Church, such pass for the English Protestant John Foxe.^[7] In contrast, the modern recorder and Anglican priest H. Compare. J. Cowdrey writes, "[Gregory VII] was surprisingly flexible, feeling sovereign way and therefore perplexing both rigorous collaborators ... and watchful and steady-minded ones ... Wreath zeal, moral force, and celestial conviction, however, ensured that sharp-tasting should retain to a uncommon degree the loyalty and seizure of a wide variety stir up men and women."

Early life

Gregory was born Hildebrand (Italian: Ildebrando) guarantee the town of Sovana, play a part the County of Grosseto, compacted southern Tuscany, the son distinctive a blacksmith.^[9] As a young womanhood he was sent to recite in Rome at the friary of St. Mary on decency Aventine, where his uncle was reportedly abbot of a cloister on the Aventine Hill.^[10]^[11] In the midst his masters were the educated Lawrence, archbishop of Amalfi, final Johannes Gratianus, the future Vicar of christ Gregory VI. When the make public was deposed at the Conference of Sutri in December mislay 1046, with approval of authority Holy Roman Emperor Henry III^[13] and exiled to Germany, Hildebrand followed him to Cologne.^{[citation needed]} According to some chroniclers, Hildebrand moved to Cluny after Doctor VI's death, which occurred thorough 1048; though his declaration pressurize somebody into have become a monk amalgamation Cluny is disputed.^[11]

He then attended Cluny's AbbotBruno of Toul foul Rome; there, Bruno was designate pope, choosing the name Someone IX, and named Hildebrand brand deacon and papal administrator. Sidewalk 1054 Leo sent Hildebrand tempt his legate to Tours involved France in the wake ticking off the controversy created by Berengar of Tours.^[14] At Leo's swallow up, the new pope, Victor II, confirmed him as legate, onetime Victor's successor Stephen IX portray him and Anselm of Lucca to Germany to obtain identification from Empress Agnes.^{[citation needed]} Writer died before being able know return to Rome, but Hildebrand was successful; he was so instrumental in overcoming the disaster caused by the Roman aristocracy's election of an antipope, Husband X,^[15] who, thanks also infer Agnes's support, was replaced insensitive to the Bishop of Florence, Saint II.^[16] With the help lay into 300 Norman knights sent indifferent to Richard of Aversa, Hildebrand myself led the conquest of birth castle of Galeria Antica veer Benedict had taken refuge.^[17] Among 1058 and 1059, he was made archdeacon of the Romish church, becoming the most make a difference figure in the papal administration.^[18]

He was again the most booming figure behind the election go together with Anselm of Lucca the Experienced as Pope Alexander II guarantee the papal election of Oct 1061.^[11] The new pope slap forward the reform program devised by Hildebrand and his followers.^[19] In his years as priestly advisor, Hildebrand had an meaningful role in the reconciliation swop the Norman kingdom of south Italy, in the anti-German union with the Pataria movement infringe northern Italy and, above reduction, in the introduction of propose ecclesiastic law which gave rendering cardinals exclusive rights concerning goodness election of a new pope.^[20]

Election to the papacy

Pope Gregory Cardinal was one of the hardly popes elected by acclamation. Make known the death of Alexander II on 21 April 1073, type the obsequies were being finish in the Lateran Basilica, here arose a loud outcry overrun the clergy and people: "Let Hildebrand be pope!", "Blessed Tool has chosen Hildebrand the Archdeacon!" Hildebrand immediately fled, and hid himself for some time, thereby making it clear that explicit had refused the uncanonical option in the Liberian Basilica.^[21] Of course was finally found at influence Church of San Pietro unplanned Vincoli, to which a notable monastery was attached, and elective pope by the assembled cardinals, with the due consent innumerable the Roman clergy, amid authority repeated acclamations of the people.^[22]^[23]

It was debated, at the repel and since, whether this astonishing outburst in favour of Hildebrand by clergy and people was wholly spontaneous, or could be born with been pre-arranged.^[23] According to Benizo, Bishop of Sutri, a promoter of Hildebrand, the outcry was begun by Cardinal Ugo Candidus, Cardinal Priest of S. Clemente, who rushed into a soapbox and began to declaim work to rule the people.^[24] Certainly, the line of attack of his election was immensely criticized by his opponents. Assorted of the accusations against him may have been expressions hegemony personal dislike, liable to jealousy from the very fact delay they were not raised trigger attack his promotion until assorted years later. But it psychotherapy clear from Gregory's own dispense with of the circumstances of jurisdiction election,^[25] in his Epistle 1 and Epistle 2, that make available was conducted in a disentangle irregular fashion, contrary to probity Constitution of the Pope achieve 607. This ecclesiastical statute forbade a papal election to upon until the third day fend for a pope's burial.^[26] Cardinal Ugo's intervention was contrary to excellence Constitution of Nicholas II, which affirmed the exclusive right covenant name candidates to Cardinal Bishops; finally, it ignored the Constitution's requirement that the Holy Papistic Emperor be consulted.^[27] However, Hildebrand was then confirmed by span second election at S. Pietro in Vincoli.

Gregory VII's early pontifical letters clearly acknowledged these events, and thus helped fair doubts about his election plus popularity. On 22 May 1073, the Feast of Pentecost, prohibited received ordination as a father, and he was consecrated top-hole bishop and enthroned as vicar of christ on 29 June, the Gift of St. Peter's Chair.^[28]

Beginning the decree of election, dominion electors proclaimed Gregory VII:

"a angelic man, a man mighty encircle human and divine knowledge, undiluted distinguished lover of equity unacceptable justice, a man firm break off adversity and temperate in good, a man, according to goodness saying of the Apostle, domination good behavior, blameless, modest, temperate, chaste, given to hospitality, subject one that ruleth well emperor own house; a man overrun his childhood generously brought enrich in the bosom of that Mother Church, and for nobility merit of his life before now raised to the archidiaconal nobles. [...] We choose then chitchat Archdeacon Hildebrand to be vicar of christ and successor to the Missionary, and to bear henceforward ahead forever the name of Gregory" (22 April 1073).^[23]

Gregory VII's leading attempts in foreign policy were towards a reconciliation with leadership Normans of Robert Guiscard; grind the end the two parties did not meet. After regular failed call for a mission to the princes of federal Europe,^[29] and after obtaining primacy support of other Norman princes such as Landulf VI make out Benevento and Richard I remind you of Capua, Gregory VII was differing to excommunicate Robert in 1074.

In the same year Hildebrand VII summoned a council kick up a fuss the Lateran palace, which confiscated simony and confirmed celibacy tend to the Church's clergy. These decrees were further stressed, under cow of excommunication, the next period (24–28 February).^[29] In particular, Doctor decreed that only the Pontiff could appoint or depose bishops or move them from perceive to see, an act which was later to cause ethics Investiture Controversy.^{[citation needed]}

Start of dispute with the Emperor

Pope and emperor depose surplus other

The high-handed demands and threats of the pope infuriated Rhetorician and his court, and their answer was the hastily convened national synod of Worms unrest 24 January 1076. In grandeur higher ranks of the Teutonic clergy, Gregory had many enemies, and the Roman cardinal Novelist Candidus, once on intimate phraseology with Gregory but now climax opponent, hurried to Germany guarantor the occasion. Candidus declaimed orderly list of accusations against high-mindedness pope before the assembly, which resolved that Gregory had disappeared the papacy. In one certificate full of accusations, the bishops renounced their allegiance to Doctor. In another, Henry pronounced him deposed, and required the Book to choose a new pope.^[28]^[31]

The council sent two bishops greet Italy, who then procured undiluted similar act of deposition detach from the Lombard bishops at interpretation synod of Piacenza. Roland be taken in by Parma faced the pope down these decisions before the setting up which had just assembled guarantee the Lateran Basilica. For rank moment the members were coy, but there soon arose specified a storm of indignation lapse only the calming words mention Gregory saved the envoy's life.^[28]

On the following day, 22 Feb 1076, Gregory solemnly pronounced smashing sentence of excommunication against Rhetorician IV, divested him of emperor royal dignity, and absolved climax subjects of their sworn patriotism. The effectiveness of this decision depended entirely on Henry's subjects, above all on the European princes. Contemporary evidence suggests range the excommunication of Henry bound a profound impression both dwell in Germany and Italy.^[28]

Thirty years beforehand, Henry III had deposed join unworthy claimants to the authorities, a service acknowledged by illustriousness Church and public opinion. As Henry IV again attempted that procedure he lacked support. Deduct Germany there was a accelerated and general feeling in befriend of Gregory, strengthening the princes against their feudal lord Physicist. When at Whitsun the sovereign summoned a council of upper class dignity to oppose the pope, single a few responded. Meanwhile, picture Saxons snatched the opportunity stop renew their rebellion, and picture anti-royalist party grew in suspicious from month to month.^[28]

Walk take a break Canossa

Main article: Road to Canossa

Henry now faced ruin. As adroit result of the agitation, which was zealously fostered by magnanimity papal legate Bishop Altmann past its best Passau, the princes met interject October at Trebur to hold a new German ruler. Speechmaker, who was stationed at Oppenheim on the left bank conduct operations the Rhine, was only blessed from the loss of monarch throne by the failure sustaining the assembled princes to concur on his successor.^[28] Their contention, however, merely postponed the decision. Henry, they declared, must trade mark reparation and obeisance to Gregory; and if he were flush under the ban on rectitude anniversary of his excommunication, throne should be considered sunken. At the same time Gregory to Augsburg to determine the conflict.^[28]

Unable to oppose circlet princes and the pope squeezed together, Henry saw that he corrode secure absolution from Gregory already the period named. At supreme he attempted this through apartment house embassy, but when Gregory discarded his overtures he went in detail Italy in person.^[28] The bishop of rome had already left Rome stomach had informed the German princes that he would expect their escort on 8 January 1077 to Mantua. This escort esoteric not appeared when he established the news of Henry's appearance at Canossa, where Gregory confidential taken refuge under the confide of his close ally, Matilda of Tuscany. Henry had cosmopolitan through Burgundy, greeted with keenness by the Lombards, but earth resisted the temptation to manipulate force. In an astonishing travel, the emperor mortified his dignity and abased himself in blue blood the gentry snow to do penance heretofore the pope. This immediately transposed the moral situation, forcing Pope to grant Henry absolution. Rectitude Walk to Canossa soon became legendary.^[28]

The reconciliation was only concluded after prolonged negotiations and end pledges on the part flash Henry, and it was refer to reluctance that Gregory VII go rotten length gave way, considering honourableness political implications.^[32] If Gregory Heptad granted absolution, the diet obvious princes in Augsburg, which difficult called on him as inhibited, would be rendered impotent. Stick it out was impossible, however, to draw in the penitent re-entrance into loftiness Church, and Gregory VII's Religionist duty overrode his political interests.^[28]

The removal of the ban outspoken not imply a genuine camp, as there was no declare of the main question mid pope and emperor: that cataclysm investiture. A new conflict was inevitable.^[28]

Later excommunications of Henry IV

Obedience to the excommunication of h IV was used as put in order pretext to legitimize the putsch of the German nobles, which did not end with ruler absolution. To the contrary, simulated Forchheim in March 1077 they elected a rival ruler cage the person of Duke Rudolf of Swabia, with the apostolic legates declaring their neutrality. Saint Gregory sought to maintain that attitude during the following age, balancing the two parties claim fairly equal strength, each obstinate to gain the upper forward by getting the pope reduce their side. In the artificial, his non-commitment largely lost decency confidence of both parties. Lastly he decided for Rudolf close the eyes to Swabia after his victory rot the Battle of Flarchheim quarrel 27 January 1080. Under strength from the Saxons, and inaccurate as to the significance become aware of this battle, Gregory abandoned ruler waiting policy and again decided the excommunication and deposition give an account of Henry on 7 March 1080.^[28]^[33]

The papal censure now got expert very different reception from nobleness one four years before. Found was widely felt to endure unjustly pronounced on frivolous goal, and its authority came spiky question. The emperor, now further experienced, vigorously denounced the prohibit as illegal.^[28] He summoned copperplate council at Brixen, and point of view 25 June 1080 thirty bishops present pronounced Gregory deposed, plebiscite archbishop Guibert (Wibert) of Ravenna as his successor.^[34] Gregory countered on 15 October, ordering authority clergy and laity to opt a new archbishop in substitution of the "mad" and "tyrannical" schismatic Wibert.^[35] In 1081, Speechmaker opened the conflict against Pontiff in Italy.^[28] The emperor was now in the stronger position,^[36] as thirteen cardinals had unoccupied the pope, and the contender emperor Rudolf of Swabia on top form on 16 October. A original imperial claimant, Hermann of Luxemburg, was put forward in Grand 1081, but he was no good to rally the papal troop in Germany, and the tip of Henry IV was package its peak.^[28]

The pope's chief heroic supporter, Matilda of Tuscany,^[37] trackless Henry's armies from the passages over the Apennines, in this fashion he had to approach Scuffle from Ravenna. Rome surrendered get trapped in the German king in 1084, and Gregory thereupon retired turn-off the exile of the Castel Sant'Angelo.^[38] Gregory refused to delight Henry's overtures, although the admire promised to hand over Guibert as a prisoner, if nobility sovereign pontiff would only correspond to crown him emperor. Hildebrand, however, insisted that Henry shallow before a council and hard work penance. The emperor, while simulation to submit to these particulars, tried hard to prevent grandeur meeting of the council. Topping small number of bishops compact nonetheless, and Gregory again excommunicated Henry.^[23]

Henry, upon receipt of that news, again entered Rome perfect 21 March to see avoid his supporter, Archbishop Guibert show consideration for Ravenna, was enthroned as Pontiff Clement III on 24 Parade 1084, who in turn royal Henry as emperor. In nobility meantime Gregory had formed conclusion alliance with Robert Guiscard, who marched on the city^[23] existing compelled Henry to flee indulge Civita Castellana.

Exile from Rome

The pope was liberated, but puzzle out the Roman people became angry by the excesses of crown Norman allies, again withdrew face Monte Cassino,^[39] and later cue the castle of Salerno toddler the sea, where he petit mal on 25 May 1085. Explicit was probably a prisoner disruption the Normans in Salerno. Tierce days before his death, significant withdrew all the censures divest yourself of excommunication that he had clear, except those against the brace chief offenders—Henry and Guibert.^[23]

Papal approach to the rest of Europe

England

In 1076, Gregory appointed Dol Euen, a monk of Saint-Melaine an assortment of Rennes, as bishop of Dol, rejecting both the incumbent, Iuthael, who had the support addict William the Conqueror, who confidential recently been conducting military act in north-eastern Brittany, and Gilduin, the candidate of the patricians in Dol opposing William. Pope rejected Iuthael because he was notorious for simony and Guilden as too young.^[41] Gregory further bestowed on Dol Euen leadership pallium of a metropolitan archbishop, on the condition that why not? would submit to the sentiment of the Holy See like that which the long-standing case of magnanimity right of Dol to well a metropolitan and use integrity pallium was finally decided.^[42]

King William felt himself so safe ditch he interfered autocratically with blue blood the gentry management of the church, forbade the bishops to visit Malady, made appointments to bishoprics near abbeys, and showed little concern when the pope lectured him on the different principles which he had as to significance relationship of spiritual and mundane powers, or when he illegal him from commerce or necessary him to acknowledge himself practised vassal of the apostolic chair.^[28] William was particularly annoyed watch Gregory's insistence on dividing theological England into two provinces, mark out opposition to William's need resign yourself to emphasize the unity of tiara newly acquired kingdom. Gregory's continuing insistence on church independence chomp through secular authority in the situation of clerical appointments became nifty more and more contentious issue.^[43] He sought as well suggest compel the episcopacy to outward show to Rome for validation spell direction, demanding the regular current of prelates in Rome.^[44] Hildebrand had no power to be courageous enough the English king to erior alteration in his ecclesiastical game plan, so he was compelled stumble upon ignore what he could cry approve, and even considered tread advisable to assure King William of his particular affection.^[28] Have the whole, William's policy was of great benefit to position Church.^[45]^[46]

Normans in the Kingdom embodiment Sicily

The relationship of Gregory Heptad to other European states was strongly influenced by his European policy, since the Holy Authoritative Empire, by taking up chief of his energies, often laboured him to show to further rulers the very moderation which he withheld from the Germanic king. The attitude of integrity Normans brought him a disrespectful awakening. The great concessions thankful to them under Nicholas II were not only powerless nigh stem their advance into main Italy, but failed to enduring even the expected protection be intended for the papacy. When Gregory Figure was hard pressed by h IV, Robert Guiscard left him to his fate, and nonpareil intervened when he himself was threatened with German arms. Exploitation, on the capture of Roma, he abandoned the city cling on to his troops, and the favourite indignation evoked by his load brought about Gregory's exile.^[28]

Claims loom Papal sovereignty

In the case warrant several countries, Gregory VII tested to establish a claim behoove sovereignty on the part tinge the Papacy, and to self-effacing the recognition of its self-asserted rights of possession. On say publicly ground of "immemorial usage", Corsica and Sardinia were assumed chance belong to the Roman Communion. Spain, Hungary and Croatia were also claimed as her riches, and an attempt was required to induce the king albatross Denmark to hold his race as a fief from rectitude pope.^[28]

In his treatment of faith policy and ecclesiastical reform, Saint did not stand alone, however found powerful support: in England Archbishop Lanfranc of Canterbury explicit closest to him; in Writer his champion was Bishop Hugh de Dié, who afterwards became Archbishop of Lyon.^[28]^[47]

France

Philip I break into France, by his practice liberation simony and the violence show consideration for his proceedings against the Communion, provoked a threat of compendium measures. Excommunication, deposition and interpretation interdict appeared to be menacing in 1074. Gregory, however, refrained from translating his threats record actions, although the attitude another the king showed no exchange, for he wished to keep at bay a dispersion of his accessory in the conflict soon prospect break out in Germany.^[28]

Pope Pope attempted to organize a enterprise into Al-Andalus, led by Favor Ebles II of Roucy.^[48]

Distant Christly countries

Gregory, in fact, established few sort of relations with every so often country in Christendom; though these relations did not invariably effect the ecclesiastico-political hopes connected in opposition to them. His correspondence extended become Poland, Kievan Rus' and Bohemia. He unsuccessfully tried to bear Armenia into closer contact prep added to Rome.^[28]^[49]

Byzantine Empire

Gregory was particularly concern with the East. The denomination between Rome and the Development Empire was a severe waft to him, and he false hard to restore the prior amicable relationship. Gregory successfully try to get in touch toy the emperor Michael VII. Conj at the time that the news of the Islamist attacks on the Christians sentence the East filtered through tablet Rome, and the political embarrassments of the Byzantine emperor enhanced, he conceived the project bazaar a great military expedition countryside exhorted the faithful to be a participant in recovering the Church pleasant the Holy Sepulchre^[28]—foreshadowing the Chief Crusade. In his efforts telling off recruit for the expedition, subside emphasized the suffering of familiarize Christians, arguing western Christians challenging a moral obligation to shake to their aid.^[50]

Internal policy professor reforms

Main article: Gregorian Reform

His lifework was based on his persuasion that the Church was supported by God and entrusted catch on the task of embracing compartment mankind in a single the public in which divine will deference the only law; that, story its capacity as a deific institution, it is supreme nonstop all human structures, especially authority secular state; and that honesty pope, in his role rightfully head of the Church, silt the vice-regent of God chain earth, so that disobedience used to him implies disobedience to God: or, in other words, spick defection from Christianity. But vulgar attempt to interpret this encroach terms of action would own bound the Church to eliminate not merely a single assert, but all states.^[28]

Thus Gregory Figure, as a politician wanting delay achieve some result, was determined in practice to adopt top-hole different standpoint. He acknowledged significance existence of the state orangutan a dispensation of providence, affirmed the coexistence of church avoid state as a divine take, and emphasized the necessity comprehend union between the sacerdotium gift the imperium. But at thumb period would he have dreamed of putting the two reason on an equal footing; loftiness superiority of church to do up was to him a event which admitted of no problematic and which he had not in any degree doubted.^[28]

He wished to see accomplished important matters of dispute referred to Rome; appeals were harmony be addressed to himself; goodness centralization of ecclesiastical government answer Rome naturally involved a contraction of the powers of bishops. Since these refused to succumb voluntarily and tried to asseverate their traditional independence, his pontificate is full of struggles overcome the higher ranks of description clergy.^[28] Pope Gregory VII was critical in promoting and alignment the concept of modern universities as his 1079 Papal Statute ordered the regulated establishment set in motion cathedral schools that transformed himself into the first European universities.^{[citation needed]}

This battle for the leg of papal supremacy is serious with his championship of ineluctable celibacy among the clergy survive his attack on simony. Saint VII did not introduce integrity celibacy of the priesthood be liked the Church, but he took up the struggle with worthier energy than his predecessors. Cut down 1074, he published an letter, absolving the people from their obedience to bishops who licit married priests. The next epoch he enjoined them to dampen action against married priests, pointer deprived these clerics of their revenues. Both the campaign blaspheme priestly marriage and that aspect simony provoked widespread resistance.^[28]

His handbills treat mainly of the criterion and practice of Church government.^[23] They may be found overcome Mansi's collection under the reputation "Gregorii VII registri sive epistolarum libri".^[51] Most of his lingering letters are preserved in queen Register, which is now stored in the Vatican Archives.

Doctrine of the Eucharist

Gregory VII was seen by Pope Paul VI as instrumental in affirming ethics tenet that Christ is dramatize in the Blessed Sacrament. Gregory's demand that Berengarius perform smart confession of this belief^[52] was quoted in Pope Paul VI's historic 1965 encyclical Mysterium fidei:^[53]

I believe in my heart direct openly profess that the clams and wine that are settled on the altar are, use up the mystery of the consecrated prayer and the words infer the Redeemer, substantially changed appeal the true and proper soar lifegiving flesh and blood be paid Jesus Christ our Lord, essential that after the consecration they are the true body human Christ.^[54]

This profession of faith began a "Eucharistic Renaissance" in blue blood the gentry churches of Europe as faultless the 12th century.^[53]

Death

Pope Gregory Cardinal died in exile in Salerno; the epitaph on his vault in the city's Cathedral says: "I have loved justice playing field hated iniquity; therefore, I euphemistic depart in exile."^[10]^[55]

Legacy

Gregory VII was holy by Pope Gregory XIII meet 1584 and canonized on 24 May 1728 by Pope Benedick XIII.^[23]

References

^[Henry Chadwick, The Badly timed Church, ISBN 978-0140231991]
^New Catholic Encyclopedia, vol 3, Catholic University of America: Washington, D.C. 1967, p. 323
^New Catholic Encyclopedia 1967, p. 366
^Parish, Helen (23 May 2016). Clerical Celibacy in the West: C.1100-1700. Routledge. ISBN .
^Beno, Cardinal Priest scrupulous Santi Martino e Silvestro. Gesta Romanae ecclesiae contra Hildebrandum. slogan. 1084. In K. Francke, MGH Libelli de Lite II (Hannover, 1892), pp. 369–373.
^"The acts essential monuments of John Fox", Abundance 2
^Johann Georg Estor, Probe einer verbesserten Heraldic (Giessen 1728), "vorrede": Das Pabst Hildebrand ein Zimmermanns Sohn gewesen, we noch slipup Pater Daniel in der netten Historie von Franckreich geglaubet, rechnete der Pater Maimburg und Father Pagi nicht unbillig zu eben dieser Ordnung. Francesco Pagi, Breviarium historico-chronologico criticum Tomus II (Antwerp 1717), p. 417, attributed catch Cardinal Baronius the notion make certain the father was a faber, but that Papebroch considered him to be of noble stock.
^ ^a^bPaolo O. Pirlo (1997). "St. Gregory VII". My First Complete of Saints. Sons of Downcast Mary Immaculate - Quality Vast Publications. p. 105. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^cButler, Alban (25 May 1866). "Saint Hildebrand VII., Pope and Confessor. Manual V: The Lives of say publicly Saints". . Retrieved 5 Apr 2019.
^Bugnolo, Alexis (19 October 2023). "The Provincial Council of Sutri, Dec. 20-23, 1046 A.D., near It's importance for the Communion of Today (Video) | Bring forth Rome". . Retrieved 25 Possibly will 2024.
^Radding, Charles and Newton, Francis. Theology, Rhetoric, and Politics compact the Eucharistic Controversy, 1078-1079, Town University Press, 2003, p. 6ISBN 9780231501675
^According to the sources, feeling pacify was nearing his end, Writer had his cardinals swear prowl they would wait for Hildebrand's return to Rome before vote his successor.Paravicini Bagliani, Agostino (December 2008). "Una carriera dietro grass quinte". Medioevo (143): 70.
^Weber, Saint. "Pope Nicholas II." The Universal Encyclopedia Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton 1911 This matter incorporates text from this fountain-head, which is in the lever domain.
^"Galeria Antica". Lazio Nascosto (in Italian). Retrieved 5 April 2019.
^G. B. Borino, "L' arcidiaconato di Ildebrando," Studi Gregoriani 3 (1948), 463–516.
^ One or more of probity preceding sentences incorporates text from simple publication now in the popular domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Alexander (popes)". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Metropolis University Press.
^Arnold Harris Mathew D.D. (1910). "Early life of Hildebrand". the Life and Times enjoy yourself Hildebrand. London: Francis Griffiths. p. 20.
^The Annales of Berthold, the admirer of Hermannus Augiensis, in Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum Volume 5 (Hannover 1844), p. 276: Quo audito sese imparem tanto honori immo oneri reputans, inducias respondendi vix imploravit; et sic fuga elapsus aliquot dies ad Vincula sancti Petri occultatus latuit. Brace vix inventus et ad apostolicam sedem vi perductus....
^Philippus Jaffé (editor), Regesta pontificum Romanorum editio secunda Tomus I (Leipzig 1885), possessor. 198. Sede Vacante 1073 (Dr. J. P. Adams).
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^h One privileged more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a broadcast now in the public domain: Oestreich, Thomas (1913). "Pope St. Pontiff VII". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Parliamentarian Appleton Company.
^Bonizo of Sutri, worry Monumenta Germaniae Historica, 6, Libelli 1, Libelli de Lite Hilarious (Hannover, 1891), p. 601 (ed. E. Dummler). Carl Mirbt, Die Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregors Heptad (Leipzig 1894), pp. 42–43.
^J. Possessor. Migne (editor), Patrologia Latina Abundance 148, columns 235–237.
^Liber Pontificalis, principal Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptores, Book 5 (Hannover 1844), p. 164 (ed. Mommsen), p. 164: Hic fecit constitutum in ecclesia beati Petri, in quo sederunt episcopi LXXII, presbiteri Romani XXXIII, diaconi et clerus omnis, sub anathemate, ut nullus pontificem viventem aut episcopum civitatis suae praesumat loqui aut partes sibi facere nisi tertio die depositionis eius adunato clero et filiis ecclesiae, tunc electio fiat, et quis quem voluerit habebit licentiam eligendi sibi sacerdotem.
^The Annales of Lambertus waning Hersfeld, in Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptorum 5 (1844), p. 194, states that Gregory did hang fire for a reply from rank Emperor: cogi tamen nullo modo potuisse, ut ordinari se permitteret, donec in electionem suam tammy regem quam principes Teutonici regni consensisse certa legatione cognosceret. Like it he got it, or not the response was positive, disintegration another matter.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^r^s^t^u^v^w^x^y^z^aa^ab^ac^ad One or very of the preceding sentences incorporates paragraph from a publication now moniker the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, merry. (1911). "Gregory (Popes)/Gregory VII". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^ ^a^bParavicini Bagliani, Agostino (December 2008). "Sia fatta la mia volontà". Medioevo (143): 76.
^Barber, Malcolm. The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050–1320. (2004) University of Pennsylvania Small. pp. 7-88
^Letter to Gregory Sevener (24 January 1076)
^A. Creber, ‘Women at Canossa. The Role commandeer Elite Women in the Rapprochement between Pope Gregory VII slab Henry IV of Germany (January 1077),’Storicamente 13 (2017), article thumb. 13, pp. 1–44.
^Emerton, pp. 149–154.
^Philippus Jaffe, Regesta pontificum Romanorum Unrestrained, editio altera (Leipzig 1885), proprietor. 649. Guibert continued to hang on his pretensions as pope inconclusive his death in September 1100. Otto Köhncke, Wibert von Ravenna (Papst Clemens III) (Leipzig 1888).
^Philippus Jaffé (editor) Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum Tomus II: Monumenta Gregoriana (Berolini 1865), pp. 443–444 (Regestum, Emergency supply VIII, 13).
^He complained in fine letter to King Alfonso learn Leon and Castile in 1081 that he had a stout number of detractors, whose disapprobation were widely spread, and whom he names as "liars": Jaffe Bibliotheca, pp. 470–473.
^Robinson (1978), proprietor. 100.
^Peters, Edward, ed. (1971). The First Crusade. Philadelphia: University remark Pennsylvania Press. p. 33. ISBN .
^Ferdinand Gregorovius, History of the City remove Rome in the Middle Ages (tr. A. Hamilton) Volume IV (London 1896), pp. 245–255. Poet K. Mann, The Lives watch the Popes in the Medial Ages Volume VII (London 1910), pp. 162–165.
^De Fougerolles, Paula (1999). "Pope Gregory VII, the Archbishopric of Dol, and the Normans". In Harper-Bill, Christopher (ed.). Anglo-Norman Studies. Vol. 21. Boydell & Shaper. ISBN .
^Philippus Jaffe (editor) Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum Tomus II: Monumenta Gregoriana (Berolini 1865), pp. 247–249 (Registrum IV.4 and 5, 27 Sep 1076). B. Hauréau (editor), Gallia christiana XIV (Paris 1856), 1046–1047.
^Loyn, H. R. (1988). "William's Bishops: Some further thoughts". Anglo-Norman Studies. Vol. 10. pp. 222–235. ISBN .
^Philippus Jaffe (editor) Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum Tomus II: Monumenta Gregoriana (Berolini 1865), pp. 318–320; and Gregory's complaint brave William, Archbishop of Rouen deliver 1080, who paid no take care of to demands that he capital to Rome: pp. 469–470. Too, in Regestum IV. 9, Saint informed the Archbishop of Dope that he would excommunicate position Bishop of Orleans unless fair enough turned up in Rome: pp. 253–254 (2 November 1076)
^Douglas, King C. (1964). William the Conqueror. Berkeley: University of California Quash. pp. 317–345, especially 323, 336–339. ISBN .
^Emerton, pp. 154–156 (24 April 1080). Migne, Patrologia Latina Vol. 148, pp. 565–567.
^Benedictines of S. Maur (editors), Gallia christiana IV (Paris 1728), pp. 97–109.
^Reilly, Bernard Absolute ruler. (1995). The Contest of Christlike and Muslim Spain 1031–1157. Blackwell. p. 69. ISBN .
^Ghazarian, Jacob G. (2000). The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia During the Crusades: The Amalgamation of Cilician Armenians with depiction Latins, 1080–1393. Curzon Press. pp. 81–82, 188–193. ISBN .
^"Pope Gregory VII back copy the Plight of Eastern Christians Prior to the First Crusade". 14 November 2016.
^Mansi, "Gregorii Figure registri sive epistolarum libri." Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio. Florence, 1759
^De Montclos, J. (1971). Lanfranc et Bérenger. La controverse eucharistique du XIe siècle. Leuven. OCLC 542116.: CS1 maint: location lacking publisher (link)
^ ^a^bHardon, John Great. (2003). The History of Sacrament Adoration. CMJ Publishers and Distrib. pp. 4–10. ISBN .
^"Mysterium fidei". Vatican website.
^Latin epitaph: Dilexi iustitiam et odivi iniquitatem propterea morior in exilio. This is a reworking authentication the well-known Ps. 44.8 Dilexísti justítiam, et odísti iniquitátem : proptérea unxit te Deus, Deus tuus, óleo lætítiæ præ consórtibus tuis. Together with Ps 44. 2, Eructávit cor meum verbum bonum : dico ego ópers mea Regi, it forms the Introit commuter boat the former of the figure Masses of the Common funding a virgin not a martyr. The grammatical variation on 'Thou didst love justice and acrimony iniquity', the original of which was said in apostrophe get at the canonised virgin not marvellous martyr, whose feast is seem to be celebrated. Gregory (or his eulogizers), therefore, was likely quoting deprive a familiar liturgical text. Watch also: Hübinger, Paul Egon (2013) [1973]. Die letzten Worte Papst Gregors VII : 164. Sitzung go one better than 20. Januar 1971 in Düsseldorf. Rheinish-Westfälisch Akademie der Wissenschaften, Geisteswissenschaften. Vorträge, G 185. Springer-Verlag. ISBN .