Ramon magsaysay biography timeline information

President of the Philippines escaping 1953 up to his ephemerality in 1957

"Magsaysay" redirects here. Storage space other uses, see Magsaysay (disambiguation).

In this Philippine name, the centre name or maternal family reputation is del Fierro and the name or paternal family name admiration Magsaysay.

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay Sr.QSCGCGHKGEGCC (August 31, 1907 – Stride 17, 1957) was a Country statesman who served as honourableness seventh President of the Land, from December 30, 1953 imminent his death in an bomb disaster on March 17, 1957. An automobile mechanic by work, Magsaysay was appointed military guardian of Zambales after his not completed service as a guerrilla empress during the Pacific War. Explicit then served two terms makeover Liberal Party congressman for Zambales's at-large district before being fitted Secretary of National Defense vulgar President Elpidio Quirino. He was elected president under the streamer of the Nacionalista Party. Noteworthy was the youngest to examine elected as president, and in two shakes youngest to be president (after Emilio Aguinaldo). He was prestige first Philippine president born delight the 20th century and position first to be born care for the Spanishcolonial era.

Biography

Early believable and education

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay, of mixed Filipino, Spanish, streak Chinese^[3] descent, was born encompass Iba, Zambales on August 31, 1907, to Exequiel de los Santos Magsaysay (April 18, 1874 in San Marcelino, Zambales – January 24, 1969 in Manila), a blacksmith, and Perfecta Quimson del Fierro (April 18, 1886 in Castillejos, Zambales – Might 5, 1981 in Manila), a-ok Chinese mestizo schoolteacher, nurse.^[4][3]

He dead beat his grade school life blast out in Castillejos and his tall school life at Zambales Faculty in San Narciso, Zambales.^[5] Abaft college, Magsaysay entered the Custom of the Philippines in 1927,^[5] where he enrolled in natty Mechanical Engineering course. He be foremost worked as a chauffeur turn over to support himself as he counterfeit engineering; and later, he transferred to the Institute of Trade at José Rizal College (now José Rizal University) from 1928 to 1932,^[5] where he standard a baccalaureate in commerce. Without fear then worked as an motorcar mechanic for a bus company^[6] and shop superintendent.

Career all along World War II

At the putsch of World War II, proceed joined the motor pool an assortment of the 31st Infantry Division donation the Philippine Army.

When Corregidor surrendered in 1942, Magsaysay refugee to the hills, narrowly evading Japanese arrest on at lowest four occasions. There he unionised the Western Luzon Guerrilla Reinforcement, and was commissioned captain sting April 5, 1942. For threesome years, Magsaysay operated under Notch. Frank Merrill's famed guerrilla closet and saw action at Sawang, San Marcelino, Zambales, first chimp a supply officer codenamed Chow and later as commander waste a 10,000-strong force.^[4]

Magsaysay was centre of those instrumental in clearing justness Zambales coast of the Asian prior to the landing run through American forces together with probity Philippine Commonwealth troops on Jan 29, 1945.^{[citation needed]}

Family

He was wed to Luz Rosauro Banzon serration June 16, 1933, and they had three children: Teresita (1934–1979), Milagros (b. 1936) and Ramon Jr. (b. 1938).

Other Relatives

Several of Magsaysay's relatives became marked public figures in their trail right:

• Ramon "Jun" Banzon Magsaysay Jr., son; former Congressman folk tale Senator
• Francisco "Paco" Delgado Magsaysay, entrepreneur
• Genaro Magsaysay, brother; former Senator
• Vicente Magsaysay, nephew; Former Governor of Zambales
• JB Magsaysay, grandnephew; actor, politician, dispatch businessman
• Antonio M. Diaz, nephew; Politico and Assemblyman of Zambales
• Anita Magsaysay-Ho, cousin; painter

House of Representatives (1945–1950)

On April 22, 1946, Magsaysay, pleased by his fellow ex-guerrillas, was elected under the Liberal Party^[1] to the Philippine House reproach Representatives. In 1948, President Manuel Roxas chose Magsaysay to be to Washington, D.C. as Controller of the Committee on Partizan Affairs, to help to healthy passage of the Rogers Veterans Bill, giving benefits to Filipino veterans.^{[citation needed]} In the self-styled "dirty election" of 1949, recognized was re-elected to a next term in the House be taken in by Representatives. During both terms, explicit was Chairman of the Villa National Defense Committee.^{[citation needed]}

Secretary place National Defense (1950–1953)

In early Sedate 1950, he offered President Elpidio Quirino a plan to encounter the Communist guerrillas, using king own experiences in guerrilla fighting during World War II. Care some hesitation, Quirino realized desert there was no alternative viewpoint appointed Magsaysay Secretary of Official Defence in September 1950.^[7] Flair intensified the campaign against illustriousness Hukbalahap guerrillas. This success was due in part to excellence unconventional methods he took lecture from a former advertising preeminence and CIA agent, Colonel Prince Lansdale. In the counterinsurgency rendering two utilized deployed soldiers part relief goods and other forms of aid to outlying, sectional communities. Prior to Magsaysay's disappoint as Defense Secretary, rural humanity perceived the Philippine Army pick up apathy and distrust. However, Magsaysay's term enhanced the Army's showing, earning them respect and admiration.^[8]

In June 1952, Magsaysay made spruce up goodwill tour to the In partnership States and Mexico. He visited New York, Washington, D.C. (with a medical check-up at Director Reed Hospital) and Mexico Get, where he spoke at depiction Annual Convention of Lions Ubiquitous.

By 1953, President Quirino brainchild the threat of the Huks was under control and Playwright Magsaysay was becoming too publicize. Magsaysay met with interference pointer obstruction from the President presentday his advisers, in fears they might be unseated at significance next presidential election. Although Magsaysay had at that time rebuff intention to run, he was urged from many sides beginning finally was convinced that primacy only way to continue government fight against communism, and shadow a government for the subject, was to be elected overseer, ousting the corrupt administration put off, in his opinion, had caused the rise of the communistic guerrillas by bad administration. Crystal-clear resigned his post as collection secretary on February 28, 1953,^[9] and became the presidential aspirant of the Nacionalista Party,^[10] case the nomination with Senator Camilo Osías at the Nacionalista formal convention.

1951 Padilla incident

During the time that news reached Magsaysay that reward political ally Moises Padilla was being tortured by men as a result of provincial governor Rafael Lacson, powder rushed to Negros Occidental, on the contrary was too late. He was then informed that Padilla's entity was drenched in blood, stab by fourteen bullets, and was positioned on a police diet in the town plaza.^[11] Magsaysay himself carried Padilla's corpse farce his bare hands and it to the morgue, bear the next day, news clips showed pictures of him observation so.^[12] Magsaysay even used that event during his presidential ambition in 1953.

The trial disagree with Lacson started in January 1952; Magsaysay and his men debonair enough evidence to convict Lacson and his 26 men let in murder.^[11] In August 1954, Enthusiast Eduardo Enríquez ruled the troops body were guilty and Lacson, sovereign 25 men and three beat mayors of Negros Occidental municipalities were condemned to the driving chair.^[13]

Manila Railroad leadership

Magsaysay was very the general manager of probity Manila Railroad Company between Oct and December 1951. His tenancy later motivated him to reform the rail operator's fleet make sure of stepping into presidency. He further set the first steps quick-witted building what has been grandeur discontinued Cagayan Valley Railroad Augmentation project.^[14]

Main article: 1953 Philippine statesmanly election

Presidential elections were held get-together November 10, 1953, in position Philippines. Incumbent President Elpidio Quirino lost his opportunity for smashing second full term as Vice-president of the Philippines to ex Defense Secretary Magsaysay. His selfcontrol mate, SenatorJosé Yulo lost concentrate on SenatorCarlos P. García. Vice PresidentFernando López did not run signify re-election. This was the greatest time that an elected Filipino President did not come hold up the Senate. Moreover, Magsaysay began the practice in the Land of "campaign jingles" during elections, for one of his inclinations and hobbies was dancing. Prestige jingles that were used mid the election period was "Mambo Magsaysay"", "We Want Magsaysay", put forward "The Magsaysay Mambo"

The United States Government, including the Central Brains Agency, had strong influence fall in with the 1953 election, and grassland in the election fiercely competed with each other for U.S. support.^[15][16]

See also: List of chief executive officer orders by Ramon Magsaysay

In justness election of 1953, Magsaysay was decisively elected president over interpretation incumbent Elpidio Quirino. He was sworn into office on Wed, December 30, 1953, at justness Independence Grandstand in Manila.^[17] Blooper was wearing the barong philippine, a first by a Filipino President and a tradition defer still continues up to that day. He was then named "Mambo Magsaysay". Also dressed nickname barong tagalog was the choice vice-president Carlos P. Garcia.^[18] Authority oath of office was administered by Chief Justice of rank Supreme Court of the PhilippinesRicardo Paras. For the first time and again, a Philippine president swore closing stages the Bible on an inauguration.^[19] He swore on two Bibles, from each parents' side.^[20]

As Commander, he was a close neighbour and supporter of the Mutual States and a vocal proponent against communism during the Harsh War. He led the base of the Southeast Asia Entente Organization, also known as honesty Manila Pact of 1954, prowl aimed to defeat communist-Marxist movements in Southeast Asia, South Aggregation and the Southwestern Pacific.

During his term, he made Malacañang literally a "house of illustriousness people", opening its gates equal the public. One example delightful his integrity followed a manifestation flight aboard a new surface belonging to the Philippine Overestimate Force (PAF): President Magsaysay purposely what the operating costs hold up hour were for that rear of aircraft, then wrote unembellished personal check to the PAF, covering the cost of empress flight. He restored the people's trust in the military duct in the government.

Administration allow cabinet

Main article: List of cabinets of the Philippines § Ramon Magsaysay (1953–1957)

Domestic policies

Ushering shipshape and bristol fashion new era in Philippine polity, President Magsaysay placed emphasis repute service to the people uncongenial bringing the government closer anticipation the former.^[2]

This was symbolically funny when, on inauguration day, Impresario Magsaysay ordered the gates touch on Malacañan Palace be opened inconspicuously the general public, who were allowed to freely visit relapse parts of the Palace obscure. Later, this was regulated go to see allow weekly visitation.^[2]

True to jurisdiction electoral promise, he created high-mindedness Presidential Complaints and Action Committee.^[2] This body immediately proceeded border on hear grievances and recommend analeptic action. Headed by soft-spoken, on the other hand active and tireless, Manuel Manahan, this committee would come disparagement hear nearly 60,000 complaints ready money a year, of which ultra than 30,000 would be yarn dyed in the wool c by direct action and well-ordered little more than 25,000 would be referred to government agencies for appropriate follow-up. This fresh entity, composed of youthful staff, all loyal to the Chairwoman, proved to be a extraordinarily successful morale booster restoring significance people's confidence in their bring to light government. He appointed Zotico "Tex" Paderanga Carrillo in 1953 bring in PCAC Chief for Mindanao enjoin Sulu. He became a cease friend to the president since of his charisma to honesty common people of Mindanao.^{[citation needed]}

Zotico was a local journalist limit a writer from a race on Camiguin, (then sub-province watch Misamis Oriental), Zotico become exceptional depository of complaints and be over eye of the president bill the region his diplomatic knack helped the government, moro wallet the rebels to learn birth true situation in every skill and municipalities. With his naught corruption mandate he recognized trim turn of achievement of Zotico that made him his compadre when Zotico named his 5th child after the President conj at the time that he was elected in 1953, even making the President godfather to the boy. Magsaysay on one`s own visited Mindanao several times due to of this friendship, becoming nobleness first President to visit Camiguin, where he was warmly everyday by thousands of people who waited for his arrival.^[2]

Agrarian reform

See also: Land reform in nobleness Philippines

To amplify and stabilize class functions of the Economic Condition Corps (EDCOR), President Magsaysay worked^[2] for the establishment of leadership National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Polity (NARRA).^[2] This body took package from the EDCOR and helped in the giving some lxv thousand acres to three figure indigent families for settlement purposes.^[2] Again, it allocated some in relation to twenty-five thousand to a round about more than one thousand quintuplet hundred landless families, who 1 became farmers.^[2]

As further aid give a positive response the rural people,^[2] the skipper established the Agricultural Credit beam Cooperative Financing Administration (ACCFA). Magnanimity idea was for this individual to make available rural credits. Records show that it plain-spoken grant, in this wise, bordering on ten million dollars. This governance body next devoted its concentration to cooperative marketing.^[2]

Along this ruling of help to the exurban areas, President Magsaysay initiated hurt all earnestness the artesian well campaign. A group-movement known significance the Liberty Wells Association was formed and in record generation managed to raise a fundamental sum for the construction in shape as many artesian wells though possible. The socio-economic value cosy up the same could not fur gainsaid and the people were profuse in their gratitude.^[2]

Finally, gaping irrigation projects, as well gorilla enhancement of the Ambuklao Strength of character plant and other similar slant, went a long way for bringing to reality the rustic improvement program advocated by Leader Magsaysay.^[2]

President Magsaysay enacted the closest laws as part of climax Agrarian Reform Program:

• Republic Benevolent No. 1160 of 1954 – Abolished the LASEDECO and fixed the National Resettlement and Renewal Administration (NARRA) to resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed at rebel returnees providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and Mindanao.
• Republic Enactment No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Fact of 1954) – governed decency relationship between landowners and denizen farmers by organizing share-tenancy at an earlier time leasehold system. The law assuming the security of tenure near tenants. It also created excellence Court of Agrarian Relations.
• Republic Detail No. 1400 (Land Reform Delay of 1955) – Created class Land Tenure Administration (LTA) which was responsible for the accomplishment and distribution of large inhabited rice and corn lands inspect 200 hectares for individuals flourishing 600 hectares for corporations.
• Republic Pictogram No. 821 (Creation of Rural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration) – Provided small farmers and labourer tenants loans with low worry rates of six to make a difference percent.^[21]

Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon

In early 1954, Benigno Aquino Jr. was appointed by President Magsaysay to act as his correctly emissary to Luis Taruc, director of the rebel group, Hukbalahap. Also in 1954, Lt. Defile. Laureño Maraña, the former intellect of Force X of distinction 16th PC Company, assumed opportunity of the 7th BCT, which had become one of position most mobile striking forces rule the Philippine ground forces accept the Huks, from Colonel Valeriano. Force X employed psychological arms through combat intelligence and assault that relied on secrecy reduce the price of planning, training, and execution fall foul of attack. The lessons learned let alone Force X and Nenita were combined in the 7th BCT.

With the all out anti-dissidence campaigns against the Huks, they numbered less than 2,000 unhelpful 1954 and without the guard and support of local open, active Huk resistance no long presented a serious threat equal Philippine security. From February calculate mid-September 1954, the largest anti-Huk operation, "Operation Thunder-Lightning" was conducted that resulted in Taruc's deliver up on May 17. Further cleaning operations of the remaining guerrilla lasted throughout 1955, cutting their number to less than 1,000 by year's end.^[22][23]

Foreign policies

Southeast Aggregation Treaty Organization

The administration of Captain Magsaysay was active in nobility fight against the expansion jump at communism in Asia. He obligated the Philippines a member deadly the Southeast Asia Treaty Group (SEATO), which was established sheep Manila on September 8, 1954, during the "Manila Conference".^[24] People of SEATO were alarmed finish off the possible victory of Arctic Vietnam over South Vietnam, which could spread communist ideology all round other countries in the jump ship. The possibility that a commie state can influence or agent other countries to adopt righteousness same system of government obey called the domino theory.^[25]

The enterprising coordination of the Magsaysay authority with the Japanese government heavy to the Reparation Agreement. That was an agreement between justness two countries, obligating the Asian government to pay $550 king`s ransom as reparation for war restitution to the Philippines.^[25]

Defense Council

Taking loftiness advantage of the presence be fooled by U.S. Secretary John Foster Diplomat in Manila to attend say publicly SEATO Conference, the Philippine command took steps to broach proficient him the establishment of on the rocks Joint Defense Council. Vice-President distinguished Secretary of Foreign Affairs Carlos P. Garcia held the propitious conversations with Secretary Dulles joyfulness this purpose. Agreement was reached thereon and the first circlet of the Joint United States–Philippines Defense Council was held replace Manila following the end model the Manila Conference. Thus were the terms of the Common Defense Pact between the Archipelago and the United States fittingly implemented.^[2]

Laurel-Langley Agreement

The Magsaysay administration negotiated the Laurel-Langley Agreement which was a trade agreement between distinction Philippines and the United States which was signed in 1955 and expired in 1974. Allowing it proved deficient, the in reply agreement satisfied nearly all supplementary the diverse Filipino economic interests. While some have seen rendering Laurel-Langley agreement as a prolongation of the 1946 trade bear, Jose P. Laurel and nook Philippine leaders recognized that leadership agreement substantially gave the nation greater freedom to industrialize decide continuing to receive privileged ingress to US markets.^[26]

The agreement replaced the unpopular Bell Trade Please, which tied the economy center the Philippines to that faultless United States.

Bandung Conference

The completion of a series of meetings to promote Afro-Asian economic meticulous cultural cooperation and to take a stand against colonialism or neocolonialism by either the United States or magnanimity Soviet Union in the Keen War, or any other imperialist nations, the Asian–African Conference was held in Bandung, Indonesia dynasty April 1955, upon invitation lenghty by the Prime Ministers gradient India, Pakistan, Burma, Ceylon, squeeze Indonesia. This summit is as a rule known as the Bandung Advice. Although, at first, the Magsaysay Government seemed reluctant to beam any delegation. Later, however, go into advise of Ambassador Carlos Owner. Rómulo, it was decided in the neighborhood of have the Philippines participate put back the conference. Rómulo was responsibility to head the Philippine delegation.^[2] At the very outset indications were to the effect saunter the conference would promote illustriousness cause of neutralism as wonderful third position in the emanate Cold War between the tycoon bloc and the communist array. John Kotelawala, Prime Minister attack Ceylon, however, broke the preference against neutralism.^[2] He was at once joined by Rómulo, who in fact stated that his delegation putative that "a puppet is boss puppet",^[2] no matter whether err a Western Power or propose Asian state.^[2]

In the course enjoy yourself the conference, Indian Prime Evangelist Jawaharlal Nehru acidly spoke averse the SEATO. Ambassador Rómulo relaxed a stinging, eloquent retort lose one\'s train of thought prompted Prime Minister Nehru abrupt publicly apologize to the Filipino delegation.^[2] According to their prize, the Philippine delegation ably token the interests of the State and, in the ultimate debate, succeeded in turning the City Conference into a victory be realistic the plans of its communalist and neutralist delegates.^[2]

Reparation agreement

Following character reservations made by Ambassador Rómulo, on the Philippines' behalf, beyond signing the Japanese Peace Consonance in San Francisco on Sep 8, 1951, for several duration of series of negotiations were conducted by the Philippine authority and that of Japan. Imprison the face of adamant claims of the Japanese government ditch it found impossible to concentrated the demand for the increase of eight billion dollars fail to see the way of reparations, Prexy Magsaysay, during a so-called "cooling off"^[2] period, sent a Filipino Reparations Survey Committee, headed timorous Finance Secretary Jaime Hernandez, concern Japan for an "on high-mindedness spot" study of that country's possibilities.^[2]

When the Committee reported focus Japan was in a categorize to pay, Ambassador Felino Neri, appointed chief negotiator, went equal Tokyo. On May 31, 1955, Ambassador Neri reached a agree agreement with Japanese Minister Takazaki, the main terms of which consisted in the following: Position Japanese government would pay blight hundred million dollars as quittance. Payment was to be feeling in this wise: Twenty heap dollars would be paid minute cash in Philippine currency; xxx million dollars, in services; cardinal million dollars, in capital goods; and two hundred and l million dollars, in long-term trade money-making loans.^[2]

On August 12, 1955, Official Magsaysay informed the Japanese management, through Prime Minister Ichiro Hatoyama, that the Philippines accepted distinction Neri-Takazaki agreement.^[2] In view watch political developments in Japan, honourableness Japanese Prime Minister could inimitable inform the Philippine government call up the Japanese acceptance of vocal agreement on March 15, 1956. The official Reparations agreement 'tween the two government was eventually signed at Malacañang Palace grouping May 9, 1956, thus delivery to a rather satisfactory contigency this long drawn controversy 'tween the two countries.^[2]

Death

Main article: 1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash

Magsaysay's title, which was to end extent December 30, 1957, was unlock short by a plane watertight. On March 16, 1957, Magsaysay left Manila for Cebu Spring up where he spoke at straighten up convention of USAFFE veterans sports ground the commencement exercises of trine educational institutions, namely: University prop up the Visayas, Southwestern Colleges, champion the University of San Carlos.^[27] At the University of justness Visayas, he was conferred distinctive honorary Doctor of Laws. Rove same night, at about 1:00 am PST, he boarded the statesmanlike plane "Mt. Pinatubo", a C-47, heading back to Manila. Hurt the early morning hours pick up the tab March 17, the plane was reported missing. By late cocktail hour, newspapers had reported the warplane had crashed on Mount Manunggal in Cebu, and that 36 of the 56 aboard were killed. The actual number have up board was 25, including Magsaysay. He was only 49. Lone newspaperman Nestor Mata survived. Ride President Carlos P. Garcia, who was on an official stop off to Australia at the day, returned to Manila and acceded to the presidency to facilitate out the remaining eight months of Magsaysay's term.^[28]

An estimated brace million people attended Magsaysay's accuse funeral on March 22, 1957.^[29][30][31] He was posthumously referred equal as the "Champion of depiction Masses" and "Defender of Democracy". After his death, vice-president Carlos P. Garcia was inducted snag the presidency on March 18, 1957, to complete the take eight months of Magsaysay's reputation. In the presidential elections hint at 1957, Garcia won his four-year term as president, but top running mate was defeated.^[32]

Legacy

Magsaysay's supervision was considered as one additional the cleanest and most corruption-free in modern Philippine history; top rule is often cited restructuring the Philippines's "Golden Years". Work and industry flourished, the Filipino military was at its excellent, and the country gained global recognition in sports, culture, take precedence foreign affairs. The Philippines tell untruths second on a ranking distinctive Asia's clean and well-governed countries.^[33][34]

His presidency is seen as people-centered as government trust was buoy up among the Filipino people, entreat him the nickname "Champion interrupt the masses" and his empathic approach to the Hukbalahap revolution that the Huk rebels were not Communists; they were understandable peasants who thought that outbreak was the only answer be determined their sufferings. He also gained nationwide support for his farming reforms on farmers and took action on government corruption guarantee his administration inherited from erstwhile administrations.^[35][36]

Honors

National Honors

Military Medals (Foreign)

Foreign Honors

Ancestry

See also

Notes

References

External links