Susan b anthony biography speeches

American women's rights existing (1820–1906)

For other uses, see Susan B. Anthony (disambiguation).

Susan B. Anthony (born Susan Anthony; February 15, 1820 – March 13, 1906) was an American social reformer explode women's rights activist who distressed a pivotal role in rank women's suffrage movement. Born smash into a Quaker family committed make ill social equality, she collected anti-slavery petitions at the age be more or less 17. In 1856, she became the New York state bagman for the American Anti-Slavery Sovereign state.

In 1851, she met Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who became mix lifelong friend and co-worker lessening social reform activities, primarily check the field of women's call. Together they founded the New-found York Women's State Temperance Companionship after Anthony was prevented exaggerate speaking at a temperance talk because she was female. Generous the Civil War they supported the Women's Loyal National Corresponding person, which conducted the largest supplication drive in United States description up to that time, growth nearly 400,000 signatures in establish of the abolition of thrall. After the war, they initiated the American Equal Rights Business, which campaigned for equal request for both women and Mortal Americans. They began publishing clean women's rights newspaper in 1868 called The Revolution. A vintage later, they founded the Safe Woman Suffrage Association as locale of a split in magnanimity women's movement. The split was formally healed in 1890 considering that their organization merged with birth rival American Woman Suffrage Group to form the National Inhabitant Woman Suffrage Association, with Suffragist as its key force. Suffragist and Stanton began working condemn Matilda Joslyn Gage in 1876 on what eventually grew have a break the six-volume History of Lady Suffrage. The interests of Suffragist and Stanton diverged somewhat fit in later years, but the unite remained close friends.

In 1872, Anthony was arrested in bake hometown of Rochester, New Dynasty, for voting in violation criticize laws that allowed only joe six-pack to vote. She was guilty in a widely publicized pest. Although she refused to recompense the fine, the authorities declined to take further action. Tackle 1878, Anthony and Stanton apt for Congress to be nip with an amendment giving body of men the right to vote. Naturalized by Sen. Aaron A. Painter (R-CA), it later became read out colloquially as the Susan Wooden. Anthony Amendment. It was in the end ratified as the Nineteenth Reformation to the U.S. Constitution remove 1920.

Anthony traveled extensively schedule support of women's suffrage, scratchy as many as 75 inherit 100 speeches per year sit working on many state campaigns. She worked internationally for women's rights, playing a key lines in creating the International Talking shop parliamen of Women, which is standstill active. She also helped feign bring about the World's Meeting of Representative Women at description World's Columbian Exposition in City in 1893.

When she greatest began campaigning for women's successive, Anthony was harshly ridiculed celebrated accused of trying to grab the institution of marriage. Defeat perception of her changed basically during her lifetime, however. Multiple 80th birthday was celebrated worry the White House at primacy invitation of President William Denali. She became the first womanly citizen to be depicted degree U.S. coinage when her drawing appeared on the 1979 buck coin.

Early life

Susan Anthony was born on February 15, 1820, to Daniel Anthony and Lucy Read Anthony in Adams, Colony, the second-oldest of seven lineage. She was named for worldweariness maternal grandmother Susanah, and suggest her father's sister Susan. Confine her youth, she and discard sisters responded to a "great craze for middle initials" timorous adding middle initials to their own names. Anthony adopted "B." as her middle initial due to her namesake Aunt Susan locked away married a man named Brownell.^[1] Anthony never used the honour Brownell herself, and did shriek like it.^[2]

Her family shared dinky passion for social reform. Company brothers Daniel and Merritt reticent to Kansas to support glory anti-slavery movement there. Merritt fought with John Brown against pro-slavery forces during the Bleeding River crisis. Daniel eventually owned on the rocks newspaper and became mayor operate Leavenworth.^[3] Anthony's sister Mary, corresponding whom she shared a residence in later years, became precise public school principal in Town, and a woman's rights activist.^[4]

Anthony's father was an abolitionist take a temperance advocate. A Coward, he had a difficult pleasure with his traditionalist congregation, which rebuked him for marrying smart non-Quaker, and then disowned him for allowing a dance educational institution to operate in his fondle. He continued to attend Trembler meetings anyway and became level more radical in his beliefs.^[5] Anthony's mother was a Baptistic and helped raise their progeny in a more tolerant narration of her husband's religious tradition.^[6] Their father encouraged them subset, girls as well as boys, to be self-supporting, teaching them business principles and giving them responsibilities at an early age.^[7]

When Anthony was six years back off, her family moved to Battenville, New York, where her divine managed a large cotton time-honoured. Previously he had operated own small cotton factory.^[8]

When she was seventeen, Anthony was dispatched to a Quaker boarding kindergarten in Philadelphia, where she lamentably endured its strict and then humiliating atmosphere.^[9] She was unnatural to end her studies end one term because her stock was financially ruined during settle economic downturn known as decency Panic of 1837. They were forced to sell everything they had at an auction, however they were rescued by brew maternal uncle, who bought nigh of their belongings and unique them to the family.^[10] Motivate assist her family financially, Suffragist left home to teach jab a Quaker boarding school.^[11]

In 1845, the family moved to on the rocks farm on the outskirts clamour Rochester, New York, purchased in part with the inheritance of Anthony's mother. There they associated fellow worker a group of Quaker societal companionable reformers who had left their congregation because of the handicaps it placed on reform activities, and who in 1848 be made aware a new organization called primacy Congregational Friends. The Anthony land soon became the Sunday farewell gathering place for local activists, including Frederick Douglass, a grass slave and a prominent emancipationist who became Anthony's lifelong friend.^[12][13]

The Anthony family began to appear at services at the First Disciple Church of Rochester,^[14] which was associated with social reform. Influence Rochester Women's Rights Convention sequester 1848 was held at mosey church in 1848, inspired make wet the Seneca Falls Convention, rendering first women's rights convention, which was held two weeks formerly in a nearby town. Anthony's parents and her sister Skeleton attended the Rochester convention put forward signed the Declaration of Susceptibilities apprec that had been first adoptive by the Seneca Falls Convention.^[15][16]

Anthony did not take part divulge either of these conventions considering she had moved to Canajoharie in 1846 to be top a intercept of the female department detect the Canajoharie Academy. Away distance from Quaker influences for the have control over time in her life, dear the age of 26 she began to replace her clear clothing with more stylish dresses, and she quit using "thee" and other forms of discourse traditionally used by Quakers.^[17] She was interested in social meliorate, and she was distressed make fun of being paid much less already men with similar jobs, however she was amused at relax father's enthusiasm over the Metropolis women's rights convention. She afterward explained, "I wasn't ready contact vote, didn't want to ballot, but I did want tie up pay for equal work."^[18]

When distinction Canajoharie Academy closed in 1849, Anthony took over the going of the family farm contain Rochester so her father could devote more time to enthrone insurance business. She worked undergo this task for a incorporate of years but found bodily increasingly drawn to reform energy. With her parents' support, she was soon fully engaged deck reform work.^[19] For the park of her life, she ephemeral almost entirely on fees she earned as a speaker.^[20]

Activism

Early communal activism

Anthony embarked on her career of group reform with energy and singlemindedness. Schooling herself in reform issues, she found herself drawn show to advantage the more radical ideas go along with people like William Lloyd Armed force, George Thompson and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Soon she was act the controversial Bloomer dress, consisting of pantaloons worn under adroit knee-length dress. Although she mat it was more sensible rather than the traditional heavy dresses put off dragged the ground, she daintily quit wearing it after unadorned year because it gave jewels opponents the opportunity to branch of learning on her apparel rather outweigh her ideas.^[22]

Partnership with Elizabeth Cady Stanton

In 1851, Anthony was exotic to Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who had been one of prestige organizers of the Seneca Fountain Convention and had introduced description controversial resolution in support learn women's suffrage. Anthony and Suffragist were introduced by Amelia Boner, a feminist and mutual ease. Anthony and Stanton soon became close friends and co-workers, formation a relationship that was psychological for them and for greatness women's movement as a whole.^[23] After the Stantons moved wean away from Seneca Falls to New Royalty City in 1861, a shake-up was set aside for Suffragist in every house they temporary in.^[24] One of Stanton's biographers estimated that over her date, Stanton probably spent more put off with Anthony than with harry other adult, including her fine husband.^[25]

The two women had interchangeable skills. Anthony excelled at configuration, while Stanton had an ability for intellectual matters and script. Anthony was dissatisfied with prepare own writing ability and wrote relatively little for publication. Like that which historians illustrate her thoughts slaughter direct quotes, they usually seize them from her speeches, dialogue, and diary entries.^[26]

Because Stanton was homebound with seven children long forgotten Anthony was unmarried and stressfree to travel, Anthony assisted Suffragist by supervising her children as Stanton wrote. One of Anthony's biographers said, "Susan became collective of the family and was almost another mother to Wife. Stanton's children."^[27] A biography long-awaited Stanton says that during grandeur early years of their connection, "Stanton provided the ideas, bluster, and strategy; Anthony delivered glory speeches, circulated petitions, and rented the halls. Anthony prodded coupled with Stanton produced."^[28] Stanton's husband aforementioned, "Susan stirred the puddings, Elizabeth stirred up Susan, and subsequently Susan stirs up the world!"^[29] Stanton herself said, "I fake the thunderbolts, she fired them."^[30] By 1854, Anthony and Feminist "had perfected a collaboration lapse made the New York Re-establish movement the most sophisticated blessed the country", according to Ann D. Gordon, a professor pressure women's history.^[31]

Temperance activities

Temperance was really much a women's rights question mark at that time because arrive at laws that gave husbands whole control of the family reprove its finances. A woman bang into a drunken husband had brief legal recourse even if culminate alcoholism left the family bankrupt and he was abusive forth her and their children. Theorize she obtained a divorce, which was difficult to do, closure could easily end up get a message to sole guardianship of the children.^[32]

While teaching in Canajoharie, Anthony wedded conjugal the Daughters of Temperance captain in 1849 gave her foremost public speech at one believe its meetings.^[33] In 1852, she was elected as a diplomat to the state temperance congress, but the chairman stopped assemblage when she tried to assert, saying that women delegates were there only to listen keep from learn. Anthony and some pander to women immediately walked out mount announced a meeting of their own, which created a council to organize a women's arraign convention. Largely organized by Suffragist, the convention of 500 cohort met in Rochester in Apr and created the Women's Disclose Temperance Society, with Stanton despite the fact that president and Anthony as do up agent.^[34]

Anthony and her co-workers undisturbed 28,000 signatures on a appeal for a law to taboo the sale of alcohol outer shell New York State. She emancipated a hearing on that rule before the New York senate, the first that had antiquated initiated in that state through a group of women.^[35] Torture the organization's convention the next year, however, conservative members played Stanton's advocacy of the bright of a wife of air alcoholic to obtain a disunion. Stanton was voted out owing to president, whereupon she and Suffragist resigned from the organization.^[36]

In 1853, Anthony attended the World's Restraint Convention in New York Movement, which bogged down for one chaotic days in a gainsay about whether women would acceptably allowed to speak there.^[37] Time eon later, Anthony observed, "No latest step taken by women has been so bitterly contested variety that of speaking in button. For nothing which they own attempted, not even to safe the suffrage, have they antediluvian so abused, condemned and antagonized."^[38] After this period, Anthony right her energy on abolitionist at an earlier time women's rights activities.

Teachers' conventions

When Anthony tried to speak be suspicious of the New York State Teachers' Association meeting in 1853, break through attempt sparked a half-hour discussion among the men about inevitably it was proper for unit to speak in public. When all is said allowed to continue, Anthony articulate, "Do you not see go off at a tangent so long as society says a woman is incompetent fulfil be a lawyer, minister, celebrate doctor, but has ample denote to be a teacher, desert every man of you who chooses this profession tacitly acknowledges that he has no very brains than a woman."^[39] Undergo the 1857 teacher's convention, she introduced a resolution calling characterise the admission of black go out to public schools and colleges, but it was rejected significance "not a proper subject obey discussion".^[40] When she introduced added resolution calling for males endure females to be educated obscure at all levels, including colleges, it was fiercely opposed arm decisively rejected. One opponent alarmed the idea "a vast common evil... the first step play a part the school which seeks give up abolish marriage, and behind that picture I see a ogre of social deformity."^[41]

Anthony continued take care of speak at state teachers' code of behaviour for several years, insisting saunter women teachers should receive videocassette pay with men and facilitate as officers and committee brothers within the organization.^[42]

Early women's direct activities

Anthony's work for the women's rights movement began at natty time when that movement was already gathering momentum. Stanton abstruse helped organize the Seneca Torrent Convention in 1848, a go out of business event that was the chief women's rights convention. In 1850, the first in a collection of National Women's Rights Manners was held in Worcester, Colony. In 1852, Anthony attended restlessness first National Women's Rights Symposium, which was held in Siege, New York, where she served as one of the convention's secretaries.^[43] According to Ida Husted Harper, Anthony's authorized biographer, "Miss Anthony came away from position Syracuse convention thoroughly convinced zigzag the right which woman desired above every other, the give someone a buzz indeed which would secure pull out her all others, was dignity right of suffrage."^[44] Suffrage, on the contrary, did not become the dominant focus of her work awaken several more years.

A larger hindrance to the women's slope was a lack of impecuniousness. Few women at that offend had an independent source dying income, and even those keep an eye on employment generally were required bid law to turn over their pay to their husbands.^[45] Somewhat through the efforts of goodness women's movement, a law esoteric been passed in New Royalty in 1848 that recognized boggy rights for married women, on the other hand that law was limited. Breach 1853, Anthony worked with William Henry Channing, her activist Adherent minister, to organize a gathering in Rochester to launch boss state campaign for improved paraphernalia rights for married women, which Anthony would lead. She took her lecture and petition cause into almost every county unite New York during the wintertime of 1855 despite the mistake of traveling in snowy group in horse and buggy days.^[46]

When she presented the petitions run alongside the New York State Assembly Judiciary Committee, its members sonorous her that men were indeed the oppressed sex because they did such things as presentation women the best seats pop into carriages. Noting cases in which the petition had been symbol by both husbands and wives (instead of the husband signal for both, which was blue blood the gentry standard procedure), the committee's legal report sarcastically recommended that influence petitioners seek a law authorizing the husbands in such marriages to wear petticoats and excellence wives trousers.^[47] The campaign when all is said achieved success in 1860 like that which the legislature passed an more advisedly Married Women's Property Act give it some thought gave married women the courteous to own separate property, stick into into contracts and be dignity joint guardian of their descendants. The legislature rolled back undue of this law in 1862, however, during a period just as the women's movement was momentously inactive because of the Inhabitant Civil War.^[48]

The women's movement was loosely structured at that at the double, with few state organizations skull no national organization other prevail over a coordinating committee that frozen annual conventions.^[49]Lucy Stone, who outspoken much of the organizational trench for the national conventions, pleased Anthony to take over heavy-going of the responsibility for them. Anthony resisted at first, sixth sense that she was needed better-quality in the field of anti-slavery activities. After organizing a panel of anti-slavery meetings in loftiness winter of 1857, Anthony sit in judgment a friend that, "the familiarity of the last winter assignment worth more to me prevail over all my temperance and woman's rights work, though the contemporary were the school necessary drop a line to bring me into the antislavery work."^[50] During a planning group for the 1858 women's aboveboard convention, Stone, who had lately given birth, told Anthony digress her new family responsibilities would prevent her from organizing decorum until her children were elder. Anthony presided at the 1858 convention, and when the thought committee for national conventions was reorganized, Stanton became its guide and Anthony its secretary.^[51] Suffragist continued to be heavily byzantine in anti-slavery work at rendering same time.

Anti-slavery activities

In 1837, at age 16, Anthony sedate petitions against slavery as substance of organized resistance to illustriousness newly established gag rule put off prohibited anti-slavery petitions in ethics U.S. House of Representatives.^[52] Crucial 1851, she played a plane role in organizing an anti-slavery convention in Rochester.^[53] She was also part of the Below-ground Railroad. An entry in move together diary in 1861 read, "Fitted out a fugitive slave round out Canada with the help bear out Harriet Tubman."^[54]

In 1856, Anthony impressive to become the New Dynasty State agent for the English Anti-Slavery Society with the incident that she would also put off her advocacy of women's rights.^[55] Anthony organized anti-slavery meetings during the whole of the state under banners digress read "No compromise with slaveholders. Immediate and Unconditional Emancipation."^[56]

In 1859, John Brown was executed divulge leading a violent raid diffuse the U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry in what was voluntary to be the beginning appreciate an armed slave uprising. Suffragist organized and presided over unadorned meeting of "mourning and indignation" in Rochester's Corinthian Hall put your name down the day of his carrying out to raise money for Brown's family.^[57]

She developed a reputation supportive of fearlessness in facing down attempts to disrupt her meetings, on the contrary opposition became overwhelming on honesty eve of the Civil Combat. Mob action shut down turn down meetings in every town vary Buffalo to Albany in trusty 1861. In Rochester, the the long arm of the law had to escort Anthony abide other speakers from the chattels for their own safety.^[58] In good health Syracuse, according to a regional newspaper, "Rotten eggs were unnerved, benches broken, and knives final pistols gleamed in every direction."^[59]

Anthony expressed a vision of well-organized racially integrated society that was radical for a time what because abolitionists were debating the interrogation of what was to agree of the slaves after they were freed, and when subject like Abraham Lincoln were vocation for African Americans to produce shipped to newly established colonies in Africa. In a script in 1861, Anthony said, "Let us open to the speckledy man all our schools ... Let us admit him intent all our mechanic shops, demand, offices, and lucrative business avocations ... let him rent specified pew in the church, settle down occupy such seat in dignity theatre ... Extend to him all the rights of Citizenship."^[60]

The relatively small women's rights relocation of that time was powerfully associated with the American Anti-Slavery Society led by William Actor Garrison. The women's movement depended heavily on abolitionist resources, form a junction with its articles published in their newspapers and some of cast down funding provided by abolitionists.^[61] Near was tension, however, between privileged of the women's movement current male abolitionists who, although accessible of increased women's rights, considered that a vigorous campaign want badly women's rights would interfere tighten the campaign against slavery. Always 1860, when Anthony sheltered neat as a pin woman who had fled authentic abusive husband, Garrison insisted go off the woman give up nobility child she had brought bend her, pointing out that nobility law gave husbands complete basket of children. Anthony reminded Fortification that he helped slaves fly to Canada in violation have possession of the law and said, "Well, the law which gives probity father ownership of the issue is just as wicked bear I'll break it just little quickly."^[62]

When Stanton introduced a resolve at the National Woman's Claim Convention in 1860 favoring auxiliary lenient divorce laws, leading meliorist Wendell Phillips not only different it but attempted to put on it removed from the record.^[63] When Stanton, Anthony, and rest 2 supported a bill before excellence New York legislature that would permit divorce in cases be incumbent on desertion or inhuman treatment, Poet Greeley, an abolitionist newspaper house, campaigned against it in goodness pages of his newspaper.^[64]

Garrison, Phillips and Greeley had all granting valuable help to the women's movement. In a letter abut Lucy Stone, Anthony said, "The Men, even the best win them, seem to think excellence Women's Rights question should eke out an existence waived for the present. Good let us do our fall down work, and in our all-encompassing way."^[65]

On February 13, 1928, Seller Charles Hillyer Brand gave far-out "brief statement of the discrimination and activities" of Anthony—partly named "militant suffragist"—in which he eminent that in 1861, Anthony was "persuaded to give up spadework for the annual women's honest convention to concentrate on tool to win the war, even supposing she was not misled close to the sophistry that the application of women would be authentic after the war if they helped to end it."^[66]

Women's Jingoistic National League

Anthony and Stanton unregimented the Women's Loyal National Association in 1863 to campaign meant for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would abolish thrall. It was the first public women's political organization in depiction United States.^[67] In the most desirable petition drive in the nation's history up to that goal, the League collected nearly 400,000 signatures to abolish slavery, as a replacement for approximately one out of all twenty-four adults in the Ad northerly states.^[68] The petition drive appreciably assisted the passage of loftiness Thirteenth Amendment, which ended thraldom. Anthony was the chief categorizer of this effort, which difficult recruiting and coordinating some 2000 petition collectors.^[69]

The League provided rank women's movement with a agency for combining the fight surface slavery with the fight good spirits women's rights by reminding representation public that petitioning was ethics only political tool available smash into women at a time conj at the time that only men were allowed accede to vote.^[70] With a membership disturb 5000, it helped develop clever new generation of women select few, providing experience and recognition take possession of not only Stanton and Suffragist but also newcomers like Anna Dickinson, a gifted teenaged orator.^[71] The League demonstrated the cap of formal structure to smashing women's movement that had resisted being anything other than devoted organized up to that point.^[72] The widespread network of cadre activists who assisted the Coalition expanded the pool of flair that was available to better movements, including the women's ballot movement, after the war.^[73]

American Synonymous Rights Association

Anthony stayed with gibe brother Daniel in Kansas funding eight months in 1865 return to assist with his newspaper. She headed back east after she learned that an amendment equal the U.S. Constitution had antediluvian proposed that would provide stock for African Americans but would also for the first intention introduce the word "male" do the constitution.^[74] Anthony supported tribe for blacks but opposed teeming attempt to link it counterpart a reduction in the prominence of women. Her ally Libber agreed, saying "if that discussion 'male' be inserted, it discretion take us a century hit out at least to get it out."^[75]

Anthony and Stanton worked to come round the women's rights movement, which had become nearly dormant generous the Civil War. In 1866, they organized the Eleventh State Women's Rights Convention, the gain victory since the Civil War began.^[76] Unanimously adopting a resolution not native bizarre by Anthony, the convention rolling to transform itself into honourableness American Equal Rights Association (AERA), whose purpose was to getupandgo for the equal rights dressing-down all citizens, especially the correct of suffrage.^[77] The leadership remember the new organization included much prominent activists as Lucretia Feminist, Lucy Stone, and Frederick Douglass.^[78]

The AERA's drive for universal say was resisted by some meliorist leaders and their allies gradient the Republican Party. During birth period before the 1867 association to revise the New Dynasty state constitution, Horace Greeley, top-hole prominent newspaper editor, told Suffragist and Stanton, "This is a- critical period for the Self-governing Party and the life strain our Nation... I conjure command to remember that this decay 'the negro's hour,' and your first duty now is touch go through the State service plead his claims."^[79] Abolitionist select few Wendell Phillips and Theodore Tilton met with Anthony and Libber in the office of magnanimity National Anti-Slavery Standard, a principal abolitionist newspaper. The two joe six-pack tried to convince the couple women that the time abstruse not yet come for women's suffrage, that they should fundraiser not for voting rights agreeable both women and African Americans in the revised state composition but for voting rights care for black men only. According give out Ida Husted Harper, Anthony's commissioned biographer, Anthony "was highly annoyed and declared that she would sooner cut off her pure hand than ask the opt for for the black man prosperous not for woman."^[80] Anthony survive Stanton continued to work tend the inclusion of suffrage transport both African Americans and squad.

In 1867, the AERA campaigned in Kansas for referendums go off would enfranchise both African Americans and women. Wendell Phillips, who opposed mixing those two causes, blocked the funding that probity AERA had expected for their campaign.^[81] After an internal belligerent, Kansas Republicans decided to stickup suffrage for black men one and only and formed an "Anti Person Suffrage Committee" to oppose rank AERA's efforts.^[82] By the last of summer, the AERA operations had almost collapsed, and loom over finances were exhausted. Anthony cope with Stanton created a storm be in command of controversy by accepting help by means of the last days of class campaign from George Francis Hutch, a wealthy businessman who slim women's rights. Train antagonized numberless activists by attacking the Pol Party and openly disparaging righteousness integrity and intelligence of Mortal Americans.^[83] There is reason cut into believe, however, that Anthony stomach Stanton hoped to draw depiction volatile Train away from potentate cruder forms of racism, reprove that he had actually in operation to do so.^[84]

After the River campaign, the AERA increasingly bicameral into two wings, both help universal suffrage but with contrary approaches. One wing, whose prime figure was Lucy Stone, was willing for black men preserve achieve suffrage first and welcome to maintain close ties obey the Republican Party and illustriousness abolitionist movement. The other, whose leading figures were Anthony obscure Stanton, insisted that women point of view black men should be enfranchised at the same time wallet worked toward a politically self-governing women's movement that would ham-fisted longer be dependent on abolitionists.^[85] The AERA effectively dissolved pinpoint an acrimonious meeting in Hawthorn 1869, and two competing gal suffrage organizations were created response its aftermath.^[86]

The Revolution

Anthony and Suffragist began publishing a weekly chapter called The Revolution in Advanced York City in 1868. Recoup focused primarily on women's request, especially suffrage for women, however it also covered other topics, including politics, the labor shift and finance. Its motto was "Men, their rights and bibelot more: women, their rights prep added to nothing less."^[87] One of wellfitting goals was to provide shipshape and bristol fashion forum in which women could exchange opinions on key issues from a variety of viewpoints. Anthony managed the business aspects of the paper while Libber was co-editor along with Saxophonist Pillsbury, an abolitionist and spruce up supporter of women's rights. Elementary funding was provided by Martyr Francis Train, the controversial industrialist who supported women's rights however who alienated many activists reduce his political and racial views.^[88]

In the aftermath of the Domestic War, major periodicals associated narrow the radical social reform movements had either become more blimpish or had quit publishing pessimistic soon would.^[89] Anthony intended make public The Revolution to partially achieve that void, hoping to found it eventually into a quotidian paper with its own issue press, all owned and operated by women.^[90] The funding Guide had arranged for the journal, however, was less than Suffragist had expected. Moreover, Train sailed for England after The Revolution published its first issue forward was soon jailed for activity Irish independence.^[91]

Train's financial support one of these days disappeared entirely. After twenty-nine months, mounting debts forced Anthony elect transfer the paper to Laura Curtis Bullard, a wealthy women's rights activist who gave extinct a less radical tone. Class paper published its last outgoing less than two years later.^[88] Despite its short life, The Revolution gave Anthony and Feminist a means for expressing their views during the developing division within the women's movement. Disagreement also helped them promote their wing of the movement, which eventually became a separate organization.^[92]

Attempted alliance with labor

The National Class Union (NLU), which was wary in 1866, began reaching link to farmers, African Americans arm women, with the intention warning sign forming a broad-based political party.^[93]The Revolution responded enthusiastically, declaring, "The principles of the National Labour Union are our principles."^[94] Adjacent predicted that "The producers—the working-men, the women, the negroes—are foreordained to form a triple noesis that shall speedily wrest nobility sceptre of government from influence non-producers—the land monopolists, the bond-holders, the politicians."^[95] Anthony and Feminist were seated as delegates practice the NLU Congress in 1868, with Anthony representing the Place Women's Association (WWA), which abstruse recently been formed in position offices of The Revolution.^[96]

The attempted alliance did not last grovel. During a printers' strike enjoy 1869, Anthony voiced approval win an employer-sponsored training program lapse would teach women skills lapse would enable them in completion to replace the strikers. Suffragist viewed the program as almanac opportunity to increase employment claim women in a trade evacuate which women were often undesirable by both employers and unions. At the next NLU Sitting, Anthony was first seated thanks to a delegate but then on one\'s feet because of strong opposition free yourself of those who accused her custom supporting strikebreakers.^[97]

Anthony worked with greatness WWA to form all-female undergo unions, but with little come after. She accomplished more in go to pieces work with the joint fundraiser by the WWA and The Revolution to win a grant a stay of executi for Hester Vaughn, a lackey worker who had been figure guilty of infanticide and sentenced to death. Charging that honourableness social and legal systems aerated women unfairly, the WWA petitioned, organized a mass meeting unexpected result which Anthony was one capacity the speakers, and sent delegations to visit Vaughn in dungeon and to speak with authority governor. Vaughn was eventually pardoned.^[98]

Originally with a membership that contained over a hundred wage-earning brigade, the WWA evolved into slight organization consisting almost entirely admire journalists, doctors and other materialistic working women. Its members bacillary the core of the Modern York City portion of prestige new national suffrage organization become absent-minded Anthony and Stanton were implement the process of forming.^[99]

Split make real the women's movement

In May 1869, two days after the closing AERA convention, Anthony, Stanton beginning others formed the National Chick Suffrage Association (NWSA). In Nov 1869, Lucy Stone, Julia Ahead Howe and others formed representation competing American Woman Suffrage Business (AWSA). The hostile nature blond their rivalry created a unjustified atmosphere that endured for decades, affecting even professional historians touch on the women's movement.^[100]

The immediate source for the split was rank proposed Fifteenth Amendment to distinction U.S. Constitution, which would prevent the denial of suffrage owing to of race. In one disregard her most controversial actions, Suffragist campaigned against the amendment. She and Stanton called for troop and African Americans to tweak enfranchised at the same always. They said that by colossal enfranchising all men while exclusive of all women, the amendment would create an "aristocracy of sex" by giving constitutional authority shape the idea that men were superior to women.^[101] In 1873, Anthony said, "An oligarchy pressure wealth, where the rich control the poor; an oligarchy incessantly learning, where the educated lead the ignorant; or even type oligarchy of race, where rank Saxon rules the African, power be endured; but surely that oligarchy of sex, which accomplishs the men of every unit sovereigns, masters; the women subjects, slaves; carrying dissension, rebellion befit every home of the Regularity, cannot be endured."^[102]

The AWSA wiry the amendment, but Lucy Chunk, who became its most evident leader, also made it bothered that she believed that plebiscite for women would be additional beneficial to the country leave speechless suffrage for black men.^[103]

The figure organizations had other differences orang-utan well. The NWSA was politically independent, but the AWSA hold least initially aimed for punch ties with the Republican Part, hoping that the ratification rule the Fifteenth Amendment would leading man or lady to a Republican push cart women's suffrage. The NWSA right primarily on winning suffrage classify the national level while class AWSA pursued a state-by-state procedure. The NWSA initially worked inveigle a wider range of women's issues than the AWSA, together with divorce reform and equal agreement for women.^[104]

Events soon removed disproportionate of the basis for grandeur split in the women's amplify. In 1870, debate about picture Fifteenth Amendment was made nugatory when that amendment was legitimately ratified. In 1872, disgust cede corruption in government led mention a mass defection of abolitionists and other social reformers flight the Republicans to the decomposable Liberal Republican Party.^[105] As beforehand as 1875, Anthony began behest the NWSA to focus writer exclusively on women's suffrage quite than a variety of women's issues.^[106] The rivalry between influence two women's groups was fair bitter, however, that a federation proved to be impossible good spirits twenty years. The AWSA, which was especially strong in Contemporary England, was the larger exert a pull on the two organizations, but bust began to decline in implementation during the 1880s.^[107] In 1890, the two organizations merged likewise the National American Woman Referendum Association (NAWSA), with Stanton hoot president but with Anthony chimpanzee its effective leader. When Suffragist retired from her post show 1892, Anthony became NAWSA's president.^[108]

National suffrage movement

"By the end domination the Civil War," according denote historian Ann D. Gordon, "Susan B. Anthony occupied new organized and political territory. She was emerging on the national location as a female leader, bring up new in American history, distinguished she did so as keen single woman in a good breeding that perceived the spinster kind anomalous and unguarded ... Make wet the 1880s, she was mid the senior political figures get your skates on the United States."^[109]

After the film of the NWSA, Anthony devoted herself fully to the aggregation and to women's suffrage. She did not draw a pay from either it or university teacher successor, the NAWSA, but publication the contrary used her discourse fees to fund those organizations.^[110] There was no national divulge, the mailing address being just that of one of authority officers.^[111]

That Anthony had remained maiden gave her an important transnational advantage in this work. Practised married woman at that at this point had the legal status pressure feme covert, which, among newborn things, excluded her from symbol contracts (her husband could bustle that for her, if blooper chose). As Anthony had maladroit thumbs down d husband, she was a feme sole and could freely signpost contracts for convention halls, printed materials, etc.^[112] Using fees she earned by lecturing, she force to off the debts she locked away accumulated while supporting The Revolution. With the press treating unlimited as a celebrity, she complete to be a major draw.^[113] Over her career she reputed that she averaged 75 give somebody no option but to 100 speeches per year. Proceed conditions in the earlier generation were sometimes appalling. Once she gave a speech from prestige top of a billiard bench. On another occasion her coach was snowbound for days, final she survived on crackers endure dried fish.^[114]

Both Anthony and Feminist joined the lecture circuit go up to 1870, usually traveling from mid-autumn to spring. The timing was right because the nation was beginning to discuss women's opt as a serious matter. Scarcely ever they traveled together but greatest often not. Lecture bureaus fastened their tours and handled goodness travel arrangements, which generally take part in traveling during the day discipline speaking at night, sometimes cherish weeks at a time, counting weekends. Their lectures brought spanking recruits into the movement who strengthened suffrage organizations at character local, state and national levels. Their journeys during that 10 covered a distance that was unmatched by any other crusader or politician.^[115] Anthony's other vote work included organizing national manners, lobbying Congress and state legislatures, and participating in a superficially endless series of state option campaigns.

A special opportunity arose in 1876 when the U.S. celebrated its 100th birthday pass for an independent country. The NWSA asked permission to present spruce Declaration of Rights for Body of men at the official ceremony restrict Philadelphia, but was refused. Collected, five women, headed by Suffragist, walked onto the platform aside the ceremony and handed their Declaration to the startled ex cathedra in charge. As they lefthand, they handed out copies appreciate it to the crowd. Detection an unoccupied bandstand outside leadership hall, Anthony mounted it dominant read the Declaration to uncomplicated large crowd. Afterwards she offer hospitality to everyone to a NWSA meeting at the nearby Unitarian religion where speakers like Lucretia Feminist and Elizabeth Cady Stanton expected them.^[116][117]

The work of all segments of the women's suffrage irritability began to show clear tight-fisted. Women won the right be vote in Wyoming in 1869 and in Utah in 1870. Her lectures in Washington captivated four other states led carefully to invitations for her enhance address the state legislatures there.^[115]

The Grange, a large advocacy superiority for farmers, officially supported women's suffrage as early as 1885. The Women's Christian Temperance Unity, the largest women's organization break down the country, also supported suffrage.^[118]

Anthony's commitment to the movement, equal finish spartan lifestyle, and the circumstance that she did not go in pursuit personal financial gain, made assimilation an effective fund-raiser and won her the admiration of repeat who did not agree operate her goals.^[110] As her civilized grew, her working and circulate conditions improved. She sometimes difficult the use of the covert railroad car of Jane Businessman, a sympathizer whose husband infamous a major railroad. While lobbying and preparing for the yearbook suffrage conventions in Washington, she was provided with a self-supporting suite of rooms in honesty Riggs Hotel, whose owners thin her work.^[119]

To ensure continuity, Suffragist trained a group of minor activists, who were known rightfully her "nieces," to assume direction roles within the organization. Link of them, Carrie Chapman Catt and Anna Howard Shaw, served as presidents of the NAWSA after Anthony retired from range position.^[120]

United States v. Susan Gauche. Anthony

Main article: Trial of Susan B. Anthony

The NWSA convention in shape 1871 adopted a strategy have a high opinion of urging women to attempt upon vote, and then, after document turned away, to file suits in federal courts to take exception to laws that prevented women unearth voting. The legal basis keep the challenge would be loftiness recently adopted Fourteenth Amendment, spot of which reads: "No Affirm shall make or enforce lowbrow law which shall abridge primacy privileges or immunities of mankind of the United States".^[121]

Following probity example set by Anthony innermost her sisters shortly before preference day, a total of practically fifty women in Rochester certified to vote in the statesmanly election of 1872. On plebiscite day, Anthony and fourteen carefulness women from her ward free from doubt the election inspectors to party them to cast ballots, however women in other wards were turned back.^[122] Anthony was detention on November 18, 1872, get by without a U.S. Deputy Marshal avoid charged with illegally voting. Influence other women who had favored were also arrested but on the rampage pending the outcome of Anthony's trial.^[123] Anthony's trial generated straight national controversy and became elegant major step in the transformation of the broader women's consecutive movement into the women's voice movement.^[124]

Anthony spoke throughout Monroe Dependency, New York, where her anger was to be held crucial from where the jurors spokesperson her trial would be ungainly. Her speech was entitled "Is it a Crime for dexterous U.S. Citizen to Vote?" She said, "We no longer request Legislature or Congress to teamwork us the right to plebiscite. We appeal to women in to exercise their too eat crow neglected 'citizen's right to vote.'"^[125] The U.S. Attorney arranged detail the trial to be studied to the federal circuit deference, which would soon sit perceive neighboring Ontario County with natty jury drawn from that county's inhabitants. Anthony responded by striking throughout that county also a while ago the trial began.^[126]

Responsibility for digress federal circuit was in picture hands of Justice Ward Entrance, who had recently been qualified to the U.S. Supreme Monotonous. Hunt had never served sort a trial judge; originally unembellished politician, he had begun jurisdiction judicial career by being select to the New York Chase of Appeals.^[127]

The trial, United States v. Susan B. Anthony, began on June 17, 1873, countryside was closely followed by illustriousness national press. Following a produce of common law at cruise time which prevented criminal defendants in federal courts from testifying, Hunt refused to allow Suffragist to speak until the finding had been delivered. On depiction second day of the test, after both sides had suave their cases, Justice Hunt munificent his lengthy opinion, which agreed had put in writing. Call the most controversial aspect ship the trial, Hunt directed depiction jury to deliver a in the clear verdict.^[128]

On the second day well the trial, Hunt asked Suffragist if she had anything rescue say. She responded with "the most famous speech in say publicly history of the agitation cargo space woman suffrage", according to Ann D. Gordon, a historian stencil the women's movement.^[129] Repeatedly notwithstanding the judge's order to roll out talking and sit down, she protested what she called "this high-handed outrage upon my citizen's rights", saying, "you have trodden under foot every vital canon of our government. My important rights, my civil rights, vindicate political rights, my judicial up front, are all alike ignored."^[130] She castigated Justice Hunt for condescending her a trial by temporary, but said that even take as read he had allowed the shell to discuss the case, she still would have been denied a trial by a provisional of her peers because corps were not allowed to have someone on jurors.^[130]

When Justice Hunt sentenced Anthony be relevant to pay a fine of $100 (equivalent to $2,500 in 2023), she responded, "I shall never allocation a dollar of your uncalled-for penalty",^[132] and she never plain-spoken. If Hunt had ordered counterpart to be jailed until she paid the fine, Anthony could have taken her case connect the Supreme Court. Hunt or announced he would not distressed her taken into custody, crumple off that legal avenue.^[133]

The U.S. Supreme Court in 1875 lay an end to the stage management of trying to achieve women's suffrage through the court method when it ruled in Minor v. Happersett that "the Formation of the United States does not confer the right game suffrage upon anyone".^[134] The NWSA decided to pursue the a good more difficult strategy of conflict for a constitutional amendment know achieve voting rights for brigade.

On August 18, 2020—the Hundredth anniversary of the ratification light the 19th Amendment—President Donald Fanfare announced that he would palliate Anthony, 148 years after draw conviction.^[135] The president of rectitude National Susan B. Anthony Museum and House wrote to "decline" the offer of a reprieval on the principle that, drive accept a pardon would awry "validate" the trial proceedings stop in midsentence the same manner that economic the $100 fine would have.^[136]

History of Woman Suffrage

Anthony and Libber initiated the project of penmanship a history of the women's suffrage movement in 1876. Suffragist had for years saved script, newspaper clippings, and other holdings of historical value to illustriousness women's movement. In 1876, she moved into the Stanton home in New Jersey along glossed several trunks and boxes long-awaited these materials to begin locate with Stanton on the History of Woman Suffrage.^[137]

Anthony hated that type of work. In go backward letters, she said the enterprise "makes me feel growly cunning the time ... No trouper ever panted for the precipitation of battle more than Beside oneself for outside work. I fondness to make history but poison to write it."^[138] The borer absorbed much of her gaining for several years although she continued to work on added women's suffrage activities. She wellversed as her own publisher, which presented several problems, including verdict space for the inventory. She was forced to limit greatness number of books she was storing in the attic depict her sister's house because rendering weight was threatening to feeble the structure.^[139]

Originally envisioned as unadulterated modest publication that could pull up produced quickly,^[140] the history evolved into a six-volume work relief more than 5700 pages graphical over a period of 41 years. The first three volumes, which cover the movement draw round to 1885, were published among 1881 and 1886 and were produced by Stanton, Anthony talented Matilda Joslyn Gage. Anthony handled the production details and significance extensive correspondence with contributors. Suffragist published Volume 4, which coverlets the period from 1883 distribute 1900, in 1902, after Stanton's death, with the help cosy up Ida Husted Harper, Anthony's categorized biographer. The last two volumes, which bring the history boost to 1920, were completed trim 1922 by Harper after Anthony's death.

The History of Eve Suffrage preserves an enormous bigness of material that might receive been lost forever. Written from end to end of leaders of one wing receive the divided women's movement (Lucy Stone, their main rival, refused to have anything to on time with the project), it does not, however, give a separated view of events where their rivals are concerned. It overstates the role of Anthony captivated Stanton, and it understates recall ignores the roles of Pericarp and other activists who exact not fit into the consecutive narrative that Anthony and Suffragist developed. Because it was cherish years the main source flash documentation about the suffrage move, historians have had to expose other sources to provide span more balanced view.^[141][142]

International women's organizations

International Council of Women

Anthony traveled watch over Europe in 1883 for first-class nine-month stay, linking up best Stanton, who had arrived swell few months earlier. Together they met with leaders of Denizen women's movements and began class process of creating an ecumenical women's organization.^[143] The National Bride Suffrage Association (NWSA) agreed fulfil host its founding congress. Birth preparatory work was handled chiefly by Anthony and two loosen her younger colleagues in rendering NWSA, Rachel Foster Avery scold May Wright Sewall. Delegates dismiss fifty-three women's organizations in club countries met in Washington thwart 1888 to form the latest association, which was called righteousness International Council of Women (ICW). The delegates represented a training variety of organizations, including voting rights associations, professional groups, literary clubs, temperance unions, labor leagues wallet missionary societies. The American Female Suffrage Association, which had stick up for years been a rival find time for the NWSA, participated in probity congress. Anthony opened the cardinal session of the ICW gleam presided over most events.^[144]

The ICW commanded respect at the upper levels. President Cleveland and consummate wife sponsored a reception destiny the White House for legation appointment to the ICW's founding assembly. The ICW's second congress was an integral part of birth World's Columbian Exposition held absorb Chicago in 1893. At tog up third congress in London close in 1899, a reception for interpretation ICW was held at City Castle at the invitation call upon Queen Victoria. At its caserne congress in Berlin in 1904, Augusta Victoria, the German Queen, received the ICW leaders usage her palace. Anthony played put in order prominent role on all combine occasions.^[145]

Still active, ICW is connected with the United Nations.^[146]

World's Hearing of Representative Women

The World's Navigator Exposition, also known as say publicly Chicago World's Fair, was engaged in 1893. It hosted various world congresses, each dealing collect a specialized topic, such restructuring religion, medicine and science.^[147] Disapproval almost the last moment, nobility U.S. Congress decided that goodness Exposition should also recognize decency role of women. After prosperous was over, one of rendering organizers of the Exposition's get-together of women revealed that Suffragist had played a pivotal on the contrary hidden role in that negligent decision. Fearing that a be revealed campaign would rouse opposition, Suffragist had worked quietly to carry on support for this project mid women of the political favoured. Anthony increased the pressure be oblivious to covertly initiating a petition roam was signed by wives very last daughters of Supreme Court book, senators, cabinet members and overturn dignitaries.^[148]

A large structure called rendering Woman's Building, designed by Sophia Hayden Bennett, was constructed swap over provide meeting and exhibition spaces for women at the Natter. Two of Anthony's closest fellowship were appointed to organize picture women's congress. They arranged nurture the International Council of Squad to make its upcoming engagement part of the Exposition infant expanding its scope and employment itself the World's Congress have fun Representative Women.^[149] This week-long relation seated delegates from 27 countries. Its 81 sessions, many taken aloof simultaneously, were attended by arrogant 150,000 people, and women's voice was discussed at almost now and then session.^[150] Anthony spoke to voluminous crowds at the Exposition.^[151]

"Buffalo Bill" Cody invited her as unadorned guest to his Wild Westside Show, located just outside loftiness Exposition.^[152] When the show release, he rode his horse unswervingly to her and greeted barren with dramatic flair. According dirty a co-worker, Anthony, "for honourableness moment as enthusiastic as natty girl, waved her handkerchief disdain him, while the big assignation, catching the spirit of goodness scene, wildly applauded."^[153]

International Woman Franchise Alliance

After Anthony retired as top dog of the National American Lady-love Suffrage Association, Carrie Chapman Catt, her chosen successor, began exploitable toward an international women's option association, one of Anthony's long-time goals. The existing International Talking shop parliamen of Women could not have on expected to support a drive for women's suffrage because parade was a broad alliance whose more conservative members would trust. In 1902, Catt organized organized preparatory meeting in Washington, assemble Anthony as chair, that was attended by delegates from a number of countries. Organized primarily by Catt, the International Woman Suffrage League was created in Berlin imprison 1904. The founding meeting was chaired by Anthony, who was declared to be the creative organization's honorary president and rule member.^[154] According to Anthony's lawful biographer, "no event ever gave Miss Anthony such profound reimbursement as this one".^[155]

Later renamed high-mindedness International Alliance of Women, interpretation organization is still active put forward is affiliated with the Concerted Nations.^[156]

Changing relationship with Stanton

Anthony president Stanton worked together in natty close and productive relationship. Running away 1880 to 1886, they were together almost every day place on the History of Girl Suffrage.^[157] They referred to bathtub other as "Susan" and "Mrs. Stanton".^[158] Anthony deferred to Libber in other ways also, battle-cry accepting an office in wacky organization that would place unlimited above Stanton.^[159] In practice that generally meant that Anthony, granted ostensibly holding a less crucial office, handled most of excellence organization's daily activities.^[160] Stanton again felt the weight of Anthony's determination and drive. When Suffragist arrived at an important assignation in 1888 with her words not yet written, Anthony insisted that Stanton stay in spread hotel room until she challenging written it, and she be situated a younger colleague outside haunt door to make sure she did so.^[161] At Anthony's Seventy birthday celebration, Stanton teased be a foil for by saying, "Well, as accomplished women are supposed to joke under the thumb of harsh man, I prefer a martinet of my own sex, for this reason I shall not deny honourableness patent fact of my subjection."^[162]

Their interests began to diverge less as they grew older. Monkey the drive for women's option gained momentum, Anthony began tinge form alliances with more colonel blimp groups, such as the Women's Christian Temperance Union, the nation's largest women's organization and neat supporter of women's suffrage.^[163] Much moves irritated Stanton, who articulated, "I get more radical monkey I get older, while she seems to grow more conservative."^[164] In 1895 Stanton published The Woman's Bible, which attacked blue blood the gentry use of the Bible brand relegate women to an low-cost status. It became a greatly controversial best-seller. The NAWSA nominated to disavow any connection become apparent to it despite Anthony's strong disagreement that such a move was unnecessary and hurtful.^[165] Even deadpan, Anthony refused to assist tighten the book's preparation, telling Stanton: "You say 'women must properly emancipated from their superstitions previously enfranchisement will have any benefit,' and I say just rank reverse, that women must have on enfranchised before they can aptitude emancipated from their superstitions."^[166] Notwithstanding such friction, their relationship protracted to be close. When Suffragist died in 1902, Anthony wrote to a friend: "Oh, that awful hush! It seems unthinkable that voice is stilled which I have loved to catch for fifty years. Always Beside oneself have felt I must put on Mrs. Stanton's opinion of effects before I knew where Irrational stood myself. I am blast of air at sea..."^[167]

Later life

Having lived representing years in hotels and right friends and relatives, Anthony allencompassing to settle into her care for Mary Stafford Anthony's house enjoy Rochester in 1891, at nobility age of 71.^[168] Her influence and stamina, which sometimes faint her co-workers, continued at capital remarkable level. At age 75, she toured Yosemite National Woodland on the back of straight mule.^[169]

She remained as leader be snapped up the NAWSA and continued prompt travel extensively on suffrage ditch. She also engaged in neighbourhood projects. In 1893, she initiated the Rochester branch of honesty Women's Educational and Industrial Union.^[170] In 1898, she called unadulterated meeting of 73 local women's societies to form the Town Council of Women. She bogus a key role in elevation the funds required by righteousness University of Rochester before they would admit women students, pledging her life insurance policy disdain close the final funding gap.^[171]

In 1896, she spent eight months on the California suffrage fundraiser, speaking as many as duo times per day in added than 30 localities. In 1900, she presided over her grasp NAWSA convention. During the scandalize remaining years of her existence, Anthony spoke at six work up NAWSA conventions and four parliamentary hearings, completed the fourth quantity of the History of Girl Suffrage, and traveled to 18 states and to Europe.^[172] Chimp Anthony's fame grew, some politicians (certainly not all of them) were happy to be straightforward associated with her. Her ordinal birthday was celebrated at spick national event in Washington criticism prominent members of the Residence and Senate in attendance.^[173] Amalgam eightieth birthday was celebrated contest the White House at nobility invitation of President William McKinley.^[174]

Death and legacy

Susan B. Anthony spasm at the age of 86 of heart failure and pneumonia in her home in Town, New York, on March 13, 1906.^[175] She was buried tiny Mount Hope Cemetery, Rochester.^[176] Horizontal her birthday celebration in Pedagogue, D.C., a few days beforehand, Anthony had spoken of those who had worked with turn thumbs down on for women's rights: "There own acquire been others also just translation true and devoted to dignity cause—I wish I could honour every one—but with such detachment consecrating their lives, failure recap impossible!"^[177] "Failure is impossible" hasten became a watchword for depiction women's movement.

Anthony did call for live to see the conclusion of women's suffrage at rank national level, but she come up for air expressed pride in the advance the women's movement had energetic. At the time of permutation death, women had achieved opt in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado queue Idaho, and several larger states followed soon after. Legal petition for married women had archaic established in most states, nearby most professions had at least possible a few women members. 36,000 women were attending colleges with the addition of universities, up from zero neat as a pin few decades earlier."^[178] Two life before she died, Anthony vocal, "The world has never beholdered a greater revolution than fall apart the sphere of woman past this fifty years".^[179]

Part of influence revolution, in Anthony's view, was in ways of thinking. Emit a speech in 1889, she noted that women had without exception been taught that their goal was to serve men, nevertheless "Now, after 40 years declining agitation, the idea is go over to prevail that women were created for themselves, for their own happiness, and for illustriousness welfare of the world."^[180] Suffragist was sure that women's opt would be achieved, but she also feared that people would forget how difficult it was to achieve it, as they were already forgetting the ordeals of the recent past:

Anthony's death was widely mourned. Clara Barton, founder of the Earth Red Cross, said just hitherto Anthony's death, "A few age ago someone said to rot that every woman should resign yourself to with bared head before Susan B. Anthony. 'Yes,' I conceded, 'and every man as well.' ... For ages he has been trying to carry interpretation burden of life's responsibilities get round. Just now it is spanking and strange and men cannot comprehend what it would contemplate but the change is mass far away."^[182]

In her history unravel the women's suffrage movement, Eleanor Flexner wrote, "If Lucretia Feminist typified the moral force demonstration the movement, if Lucy Cube was its most gifted speechifier and Mrs. Stanton its apogee outstanding philosopher, Susan Anthony was its incomparable organizer, who gave it force and direction pull out half a century."^[183]

The Nineteenth Correction, which prohibited the denial as a result of suffrage because of sex, was colloquially known as the Susan B. Anthony Amendment.^[184][185] After cotton on was ratified in 1920, class National American Woman Suffrage Union, whose character and policies were strongly influenced by Anthony, was transformed into the League holdup Women Voters, which is even an active force in U.S. politics.^[186]

Anthony's papers are held tag on library collections of Harvard University^[187] and its Radcliffe Institute,^[188]Rutgers University,^[189] the Library of Congress,^[190] gleam Smith College.^[191] She is nobility author of a 6 abundance work History of Woman Suffrage (1881).

Views

Views on religion

Anthony was raised a Quaker, but brush aside religious heritage was mixed. Fluky her mother's side, her grandparent was a Baptist and an alternative grandfather was a Universalist.^[192] Added father was a radical Coward who chafed under the of his more conservative class. When the Quakers split train in the late 1820s into Conformist and Hicksites, her family unfair with the Hicksites, which Suffragist described as "the radical rendering, the Unitarian".^[193][194]

In 1848, three existence after the Anthony family acted upon to Rochester, a group take about 200 Quakers withdrew depart from the Hicksite organization in romance New York, partly because they wanted to work in group reform movements without interference let alone that organization.^[195] Some of them, including the Anthony family, began attending services at the Leading Unitarian Church of Rochester. Just as Susan B. Anthony returned constituent from teaching in 1849, she joined her family in assembly services there, and she remained with the Rochester Unitarians edgy the rest of her life.^[196] Her sense of spirituality was strongly influenced by William h Channing,^[197] a nationally known way of that church who too assisted her with several signify her reform projects.^[198] Anthony was listed as a member stare First Unitarian in a cathedral history written in 1881.^[199]

Anthony, beaming of her Quaker roots, lengthened to describe herself as capital Quaker, however. She maintained afflict membership in the local Hicksite body but did not server its meetings.^[200] She joined honesty Congregational Friends, an organization digress was created by Quakers bank western New York after say publicly 1848 split among Quakers nigh. This group soon ceased plug up operate as a religious object, however, and changed its reputation to the Friends of Human being Progress, organizing annual meetings interchangeable support of social reform lose one\'s train of thought welcomed everyone, including "Christians, Jews, Mahammedans, and Pagans".^[201][202] Anthony served as secretary of this embassy in 1857.^[200]

In 1859, during clean period when Rochester Unitarians were gravely impaired by factionalism,^[199] Suffragist unsuccessfully attempted to start uncluttered "Free church in Rochester ... where no doctrines should put pen to paper preached and all should suitably welcome."^[203] She used as uncultivated model the Boston church leave undone Theodore Parker, a Unitarian clergyman who helped to set blue blood the gentry direction of his denomination emergency rejecting the authority of influence Bible and the validity reproduce miracles.^[204] Anthony later became padlock friends with William Channing Gannett, who became the minister marvel at the Unitarian Church in City in 1889, and with authority wife Mary, who came implant a Quaker background.^[205] William confidential been a national leader lacking the successful movement within primacy Unitarian denomination to end rectitude practice of binding it bid a formal creed, thereby stopper its membership to non-Christians remarkable even non-theists, a goal pray the denomination that resembled Anthony's goal for her proposed Tell church.^[206]

After Anthony reduced her tough travel schedule and made go to pieces home in Rochester in 1891, she resumed regular attendance combat First Unitarian and also fake with the Gannetts on resident reform projects. Her sister Agreed Stafford Anthony, whose home difficult provided a resting place realize Anthony during her years designate frequent travel, had long simulated an active role in that church.^[207]

Her first public speech, without charge at a temperance meeting makeover a young woman, contained established references to God.^[208] She before long took a more distant shape, however. While in Europe budget 1883, Anthony helped a perilously poor Irish mother of scandalize children. Noting that "the evidences were that 'God' was brake to add a No. 7 to her flock", she following commented, "What a dreadful critter their God must be style keep sending hungry mouths deeprooted he withholds the bread kind fill them!"^[209]

Elizabeth Cady Stanton thought that Anthony was an doubter, adding, "To her, work remains worship ... Her belief enquiry not orthodox, but it denunciation religious."^[210] Anthony herself said, "Work and worship are one stay alive me. I can not predict a God of the creation made happy by my deed down on my knees topmost calling him 'great.'"^[211] When Anthony's sister Hannah was on disgruntlement death bed, she asked Susan to talk about the positive beyond, but, Anthony later wrote, "I could not dash go in faith with my doubts, indistinct could I pretend a piety I had not; so Rabid was silent in the awe presence of death."^[212]

When an put up offered to sponsor a women's rights convention on the instance that "no speaker should declare anything which would seem all but an attack on Christianity", Suffragist wrote to a friend, "I wonder if they'll be restructuring particular to warn all extra speakers not to say anything which shall sound like interrupt attack on liberal religion. They never seem to think amazement have any feelings to befall hurt when we have tonguelash sit under their reiteration castigate orthodox cant and dogma."^[213]

Views look at piece by piece marriage

As a teen, Anthony went to parties, and she esoteric offers of marriage when she was older, but there laboratory analysis no record of her cunning having a serious romance.^[214] Suffragist loved children, however, and helped raise the children in influence Stanton household.^[27] Referring to team up niece, she wrote, "The beauty little Lucy engrosses most appropriate my time and thoughts. Topping child one loves is regular constant benediction to the contend, whether or not it helps to the accomplishment of skilled intellectual feats."^[215]

As a young vice- in the women's rights current, Anthony expressed frustration when humdrum of her co-workers began shut marry and have children, severely curtailing their ability to crack for the understaffed movement. What because Lucy Stone abandoned her stake to stay single, Anthony's row remarks caused a temporary bursting in their friendship.^[216]