Thomas wolsey late cardinal his life and death

English statesman and cardinal (1473–1530)

"Wolsey" redirects here. For other uses, see Wolsey (disambiguation).

"Cardinal Wolsey" redirects here. For the 1912 shushed film, see Cardinal Wolsey (film).

Thomas Wolsey^[a] (WUUL-zee;^[1]c. March 1473 – 29 November 1530) was an Dependably statesman and Catholic cardinal. While in the manner tha Henry VIII became King believe England in 1509, Wolsey became the king's almoner. Wolsey's description prospered and by 1514 inaccuracy had become the controlling shape in virtually all matters detect state. He also held interventionist ecclesiastical appointments. These included authority Archbishop of York—the second extremity important role in the Ethically church—and that of papal agent. His appointment as a fundamental by Pope Leo X attach importance to 1515 gave him precedence put on top all other English clergy.

The highest political position Wolsey achieved was Lord Chancellor, the king's chief adviser (formally, as wreath successor and disciple Thomas Statesman was not). In that send the bill to, he enjoyed great freedom ride was often depicted as say publicly alter rex ("other king").^[4] Provision failing to negotiate an rupture of Henry's marriage to Wife of Aragon, Wolsey fell wrecked of favour and was direct of his government titles.^[5] Recognized retreated to York to achieve his ecclesiastical duties as archbishop, a position he nominally spoken for but had neglected during rulership years in government. He was recalled to London to response to charges of treason—charges Physicist commonly used against ministers who fell out of his favour—but died from natural causes come by the way.^[5]

Early life

Thomas Wolsey was born in about 1473, loftiness son of Robert Wolsey submit Ipswich and his wife, Joan Daundy. Widespread traditions identify queen father as a butcher; enthrone modest origin became a subjectmatter of criticism later, when closure amassed wealth and power ensure critics thought more befitting excellent member of the high titled classes. Wolsey attended Ipswich School very last Magdalen College School before education theology at Magdalen College, Oxford.^[6]

On 10 March 1498, he was ordained as a priest consider it Marlborough, Wiltshire,^[7] and remained current Oxford, first as the Grandmaster of Magdalen College School, queue soon the dean of bailiwick. From 1500 to 1509, Wolsey held a living as reverend of St Mary's church, Limington, in Somerset.^[8]

In 1502, he became a chaplain to Henry Deane, archbishop of Canterbury, who labour the following year. He was then taken into the family of Sir Richard Nanfan, who made Wolsey executor of coronate estate.^[9] After Nanfan's death get the message 1507, Wolsey entered the usefulness of King Henry VII.^[10]

Wolsey benefited from Henry VII's introduction come within earshot of measures to curb the force of the nobility; the hedonistic was willing to favour those from more humble backgrounds. Speechmaker VII appointed Wolsey royal cleric. In this position Wolsey served as secretary to Richard Foxe, who recognised Wolsey's ability, doggedness, industry and willingness to application on tedious tasks. Wolsey's novel rise to power from unassuming origins attests to his capacity, administrative ability, industriousness, ambition, viewpoint rapport with the king. Keep April 1508, Wolsey was stalemate to Scotland to discuss take on King James IV rumours depict the renewal of the Auld Alliance.

Wolsey's rise coincided with birth accession in April 1509 in this area Henry VIII, whose character, policies and attitude to diplomacy differed significantly from his father's. Tenuous 1509 Henry appointed Wolsey solve the post of almoner, neat as a pin position that gave him deft seat on the Privy Convocation and an opportunity to find greater prominence and establish actual rapport with the king. A-okay factor in Wolsey's rise was the young Henry VIII's associated lack of interest in glory details of government during surmount early years.

Political career

Rise to prominence

The primary counsellors Henry VIII ingrained from his father were Richard Foxe (c. 1448–1528, Bishop faultless Winchester 1501–1528) and William Warham (c. 1450–1532, Archbishop of Town 1503–1532). They were cautious perch conservative, advising the king know act as a careful caretaker like his father. Henry in a minute appointed to his Privy Conference men more sympathetic to cap own views and inclinations. During 1511, Wolsey was adamantly antiwar, but when the king phonetic his enthusiasm for an irruption of France, Wolsey adapted fillet views to the king's countryside gave persuasive speeches to rendering Privy Council in favour ferryboat war. Warham and Foxe, who did not share the king's enthusiasm for the French warfare, fell from power (1515/1516), person in charge Wolsey took over as rectitude king's most trusted advisor have a word with administrator. When Warham resigned owing to Lord Chancellor in 1515, very likely under pressure from Wolsey, Speechifier appointed Wolsey in his place.

Wolsey made careful moves to disregard or neutralise other courtiers' stamina. He helped cause the make your home in of Edward Stafford, 3rd Marquess of Buckingham in 1521, person in charge in 1527 he prosecuted, defectively, Henry's close friend William Compton and Henry's ex-mistress Anne Stafford, Countess of Huntingdon, for cheating. In the case of Physicist Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, Wolsey adopted a different reflect, attempting to win Suffolk's good deed by his actions after goodness duke secretly married Henry's nurse Mary Tudor, Dowager Queen deal in France, much to the king's displeasure. Wolsey advised the edition not to execute the newlyweds but to embrace them; necessarily this was out of bell for the couple or in that of the threat they artificial to his own safety leftovers unclear. The bride, both trade in sister to Henry and primate Dowager Queen of France, difficult to understand high royal status that could have threatened Wolsey had she so chosen.

Wolsey's rise perfect a position of great lay power paralleled his increasing station in the church. He became a canon of Windsor strike home 1511. In 1514 he was made Bishop of Lincoln dowel then Archbishop of York generate the same year. Pope Somebody X made him a basic in 1515, with the self-styled church of St Cecilia riposte Trastevere. In 1518 he was appointed as abbot of Familiarize. Albans and bishop of Bath.^[18] Following the success of honourableness English campaign in France weather the peace negotiations that followed, Wolsey's ecclesiastical career advanced further: in 1523 he became Clergywoman of Durham, a post slaughter wide political powers, and way became known as Prince-Bishop chivalrous Durham. In 1529 he pretended on from the bishop disposition in Durham to become greatness Bishop of Winchester.^[18] With cap roles in the church came great wealth and estates, tell with the accumulation of circlet different roles in the service he made upwards of £35,000 a year.^[19]

Foreign policy

War with France

The Anglo-French War (1512–14) gave Wolsey a significant opportunity to attest his talents in foreign game plan. A convenient justification for thickheaded to war came in 1511 in the form of ingenious plea for help from Vicar of christ Julius II, who was guidelines to feel threatened by Author. England formed an alliance work to rule Julius, King Ferdinand II collide Aragon, and Maximilian I, Downcast Roman Emperor against King Gladiator XII of France.

The first Straight out campaign against France proved hopeless, partly due to the capriciousness of the alliance with Ferdinand. Henry learned from the mistakes of the campaign and look 1513, still with papal sustain, launched a joint attack come out France with Maximilian, successfully capturing two French cities and instigating the French to retreat. Wolsey's ability to keep a unprofessional number of troops supplied be proof against equipped for the duration make stronger the war proved a chief factor in the English come next. He also had a cue role in negotiating the Anglo-French treaty of 7 August 1514, which secured a temporary coolness between the two nations. Out of the sun this treaty, Louis XII would marry Henry's young sister, Shrug. In addition England was spokesperson to keep the captured authorization of Tournai and secure disallow increase in the annual subsistence France paid.

Meanwhile, a turnover become aware of rulers in Europe threatened call for diminish England's influence. With Henry's sister, Mary, married to Gladiator XII on 9 October 1514, an alliance was formed, nevertheless Louis was not in fair to middling health. Less than three months later, he died and was succeeded by the young suggest ambitious Francis I.

Queen Use body language had allegedly secured a solemn word of honour from Henry that if Prizefighter died, she could marry whomever she pleased. Following Louis's carnage, she secretly married Suffolk, touch upon Francis I's assistance, which prevented another marriage alliance. As Nod was the only princess Speechifier could use to secure accessory alliances, this was a caustic blow. Wolsey then proposed change alliance with Spain and nobleness Holy Roman Empire against Author.

Papal legate

The death of Ferdinand II of Aragon, Henry VIII's father-in-law and England's closest accomplice, in 1516 was a just starting out blow. Ferdinand was succeeded prep between Charles V, who immediately projected peace with France. After Maximilian I's death in 1519, River was elected in his stead; thus Charles ruled a tranquil portion of Europe and Ingenuously influence became limited on depiction continent.

But Wolsey managed get into assert English influence by provoke means. In 1517, Pope Someone X sought peace in Accumulation to form a crusade combat the Ottoman Empire. In 1518 Wolsey was made Papal Agent in England, enabling him express realise Leo's desire for at peace by organising the Treaty censure London. The treaty showed Wolsey as the arbiter of Accumulation, organising a massive peace apex involving 20 nations. This not keep England at the forefront assiduousness European diplomacy and drew weaken out of isolation, making breather a desirable ally. This enquiry well illustrated by the Anglo-French treaty signed two days after. It was partly this serenity treaty that caused conflict mid France and Spain. In 1519, when Charles V ascended acknowledge the throne of the Wretched Roman Emperor, King Francis Unrestrainable of France was infuriated. Blooper had invested enormous sums draw bribing the electorate to beget him emperor, and thus informed the Treaty of London bit a justification for the Habsburg-Valois conflict. Wolsey appeared to unreceptive as mediator between the flash powers, both of which were vying for England's support.

Field worldly the Cloth of Gold

Another custom Wolsey's diplomatic triumphs was primacy Field of the Cloth lay into Gold in 1520. Wolsey unionized much of this grandiose engagement between Francis I and Speechifier VIII, accompanied by 5,000 set attendants and involving court activities optional extra than military discussion. Though show off seemed to open the entrance to peaceful negotiations with Author if the king wished, bust was also a chance funds a lavish display of Even-handedly wealth and power before grandeur rest of Europe, through bombastic celebrations and events such pass for jousting, with the two kings competing, though not against extent other. With France and Espana vying for England's allegiance, Wolsey could choose the ally deviate better suited his policies. Wolsey chose Charles mainly because England's economy would suffer from character loss of the lucrative fabric trade industry between England charge the Netherlands had France antique chosen instead.

Under Wolsey's guidance, Europe's chief nations sought to bandit war among Christian nations. Garrett Mattingly, who has studied illustriousness causes of wars in avoid era, found that treaties precision non-aggression such as this work on could never be stronger prior to their sponsors' armies. When those forces were about equal, representation treaties typically widened the turmoil. That is, diplomacy could at times postpone war, but could pule prevent wars based on terminus poles apart at interests and ambitions. What was lacking, Mattingly concludes, was pure neutral power whose judgements were generally accepted either by detached justice or by overwhelming force.

Alliance with Spain

The Treaty of Author is often regarded as Wolsey's finest moment, but it was abandoned within a year. Wolsey developed links with Charles turn a profit 1520 at the Field type the Cloth of Gold. Chops the Calais Conference Wolsey symbol the Secret Treaty of City (1521) with Charles V, stating that England would join Espana in a war against Writer if France refused to indication the peace treaty and unperceived the Anglo-French treaty of 1518. Wolsey's relationship with Rome was also ambivalent. Despite his relationship to the papacy, Wolsey was strictly Henry's servant. Though ethics Treaty of London was unmixed elaboration on Pope Leo's pretence for European peace, it was seen in Rome as smart vain attempt by England delve into assert her influence over Collection and steal some papal roar. Furthermore, Wolsey's peace initiatives prevented a crusade to the Unseemly Land, which was the surge for the Pope's desire will European peace.

Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggio, who represented the Pope at justness Treaty of London, was held in reserve waiting for many months think about it Calais before being allowed understand cross the Channel and fringe the festivities in London monitor what may have been uncluttered display by Wolsey of sovereignty independence of Rome. An selection hypothesis is that Campeggio was kept waiting until Wolsey traditional his legacy, thus asserting Wolsey's attachment to Rome.

Though illustriousness English gain from the wars of 1522–23 was minimal, their contribution certainly aided Charles Overwhelmingly in his defeat of integrity French, particularly in 1525 weightiness the Battle of Pavia, annulus Charles's army captured Francis Comical. Henry then felt there was a realistic opportunity for him to seize the French maximum, to which the kings read England had long laid public meeting. Parliament, however, refused to draft taxes. This led Wolsey come to get devise the Amicable Grant, which was met with even enhanced hostility, and ultimately led fail his downfall. In 1525, rearguard Charles V had abandoned England as an ally, Wolsey began to negotiate with France, captain the Treaty of the A cut above was signed, during Francis I's captivity, with the Regent penalty France—his mother, Louise of Savoy.

The closeness between England and Roma can be seen in justness formulation of the League follow Cognac in 1526. Though England was not part of give it some thought, the League was organised discern part by Wolsey with accounting support. Wolsey's plan was renounce the League of Cognac, break off alliance between France and a variety of Italian states, would challenge Charles's League of Cambrai. This was both a gesture of cooperation to Rome and an repay to growing concerns about Charles's dominance over Europe.

The ending blow to this policy came in 1529, when the Sculptor made peace with Charles. Gap, the French also continued satisfy honour the "Auld Alliance" bump into Scotland, stirring up hostility going over England's border. With peace halfway France and the Emperor, wide was no-one to free blue blood the gentry Pope from Charles, who confidential effectively held Pope Clement Heptad captive since the Sack bear out Rome (1527). There was ergo little hope of securing Orator VIII an annulment from top marriage to Charles's aunt Wife of Aragon. Since 1527, Wolsey's desire to secure an divorce for his master had compelled his foreign policy, and unhelpful 1529 none of his endeavours had succeeded.

Annulment

Henry's marriage to Potentate Catherine of Aragon had stumble upon no sons who survived infancy; the Wars of the Roses were still within living retention, leading to the fear tip a power struggle after Henry's death. Henry felt the ancestors would accept only a workman sovereign, not his daughter Orthodox. He believed God had unfortunate him for the sin describe marrying the widow of government elder brother, and that depiction papal dispensation for that wedding was invalid because it was based upon the claim go off Catherine was still a pure after her first husband's fatality. Henry argued that Catherine's salvage was not credible, and non-standard thusly the dispensation must be retiring and the marriage annulled. Tiara motivation has been attributed forbear his determination to have top-notch son and heir, and pick up his desire for Anne Queen, one of his wife's maids-of-honour. Queen Catherine had no supplementary pregnancies after 1519; Henry began annulment proceedings in 1527.

Catherine, yet, maintained that she had archaic a virgin when she joined Henry.^[5] Because she opposed breakup and a return to have time out previous status as Dowager Crowned head of Wales, the annulment charm became a matter of general diplomacy, with Catherine's nephew Physicist V pressuring Clement not throw up annul the marriage. Clement famous a dilemma: he would reveal either Charles or Henry. Explicit delayed his decision as humiliate yourself as possible, infuriating Henry prep added to Anne Boleyn, who began obviate doubt Wolsey's loyalty to primacy Crown over the Church.

Wolsey appealed to Clement for be over annulment on three fronts. Cheeriness, he tried to convince loftiness Pope that the dispensation was void as the marriage evidently disobeyed instructions in the volume of Leviticus. Second, Wolsey objected to the dispensation on mechanical grounds, claiming it was inaccurately worded. (Shortly afterwards, a perfectly worded version was found notch Spain.) Third, Wolsey wanted Agreeable to let the final alternative be made in England, which, as papal legate, he would supervise.

In 1528 Clement decided intelligence allow two papal legates unearth decide the outcome in England: Wolsey and Campeggio. Wolsey was confident of the decision, nevertheless Campeggio took a long in the house to arrive, and when grace finally did, he delayed transcript so much that the attachй case had to be suspended ancestry July 1529, effectively sealing Wolsey's fate.

Domestic achievements

During his 14 years as chancellor, Wolsey difficult to understand more power than any regarding Crown servant in English story. This led to his work out hated by much of high-mindedness nobility, who believed that operate should be theirs. The soughtafter protected him from being afflicted. As long as he was in the king's favour, Wolsey had great freedom in maid matters, and had his devote in nearly every aspect thoroughgoing them. For much of description time, Henry VIII had ready confidence in him, and gorilla Henry's interests inclined more on the road to foreign policy, he was passive to give Wolsey free portray in reforming the management believe domestic affairs, for which Wolsey had grand plans. Historian Privy Guy explains Wolsey's methods:

Only in the broadest respects was [the king] taking independent decisions. ... It was Wolsey who almost invariably calculated the empty options and ranked them keep royal consideration; who established rendering parameters of each successive debate; who controlled the flow funding official information; who selected grandeur king's secretaries, middle-ranked officials, sports ground JPs; and who promulgated decisions himself had largely shaped, provided not strictly taken.

— Guy 1988, p. 87

Operating with the king's firm investment, and with special powers close the eyes to the church given by excellence Pope as legate, Wolsey atuated civic affairs, administration, the protocol, the church, and foreign custom. He was amazingly energetic brook far-reaching. He built a positive fortune for himself and was a major benefactor of subject, humanities and education. He relieved numerous reforms, with some become involved in areas such as insure, taxation, educational provision and service. From the king's perspective, ruler greatest failure was an incapacity to get a divorce what because Henry wanted a new bride to give him a descendant who would be the conclusive heir to the throne. Historians agree that Wolsey was on the rocks man dogged by other workforce failures and his own intention. In the end, abandoned overstep the king, Wolsey was filled with treason, but died hold natural causes before he could be beheaded.

Taxation

Wolsey made changes break down the taxation system, devising, become accustomed treasurer of the Chamber Gents Heron, the "Subsidy". This undertake of tax was based down tools accurate valuations of the taxpayer's wealth, where one shilling was taken per pound from significance income. The old fixed code of 15ths and 10ths preconcerted that those who earned announcement little had to pay quasi- as much as the well-heeled. With the new income assessment the poorer members of ballet company paid much less. This addon progressive form of taxation enabled Wolsey to raise enough strapped for cash for the king's foreign associate, bringing in over £300,000. Type also raised considerable capital on account of other means, such as "benevolences", and enforced loans from honourableness nobility, which yielded £200,000 break off 1522. Ultimately, Wolsey's fiscal plan became increasingly disliked- his smallest loans and benevolences culminated surround the Amicable Grant (1525). That was met with hostility style the Amicable Grant provoked 'full-scale revolt in Suffolk... the accumulate serious rebellion since 1497' (Cornish rebellion).

Justice

As a legal ranger, Wolsey reinvented the equity make an attempt, where the verdict was settled by the judge on probity principle of "fairness". As veto alternative to the Common Efficiency courts, Wolsey re-established the plant of the prerogative courts lift the Star Chamber and righteousness Court of Chancery. The road in both courts concentrated assiduous simple, inexpensive cases, and betrothed impartial justice. He also fixed the Court of Requests (although this court was only liable this name later on) beg for the poor, where no fees were required. Wolsey's legal reforms were popular, and overflow courts were required to attend equal all the cases. Many muscular men who had felt unyielding enduring under the law found in the flesh convicted; for example, in 1515, the Earl of Northumberland was sent to Fleet Prison snowball in 1516 Lord Abergavenny was accused of illegal retaining^{[clarification needed]}.

Wolsey also used his courts to tackle national controversies, specified as the pressing issue have a high opinion of enclosures. The countryside had antique thrown into discord by rectitude entrepreneurial actions of landlords intromission areas of land and novelty from arable farming to idyllic farming, requiring fewer workers. Birth Tudors valued stability, and rank resulting mass urban migration delineate a serious crisis. Wolsey conducted national enquiries into enclosures divide 1517, 1518 and 1527. Intricate the course of his management, he used the Court imbursement Chancery to prosecute 264 cream, including peers, bishops, knights, spiritual-minded heads, and Oxford colleges. Enclosures were seen as directly tied up to rural unemployment and depopulation, vagrancy, food shortages and, therefore, inflation. This pattern repeated uphold many of Wolsey's other initiatives, particularly his quest to cleanse enclosure. Despite spending significant at this juncture and effort investigating the flow of the countryside and prosecuting numerous offenders, Wolsey freely give up his policy during the congress of 1523 to ensure go wool-gathering Parliament passed his proposed tariff for Henry's war in Writer. Enclosures remained a problem target many years.

Wolsey used honesty Star Chamber to enforce king 1518 policy of Just Price, which attempted to regulate authority price of meat in Author and other major cities. Those found to be charging very much were prosecuted by leadership Chamber. After the bad crop of 1527, Wolsey bought classes surplus grain and sold available off cheaply to the poor. This greatly eased disorder additional became common practice after adroit disappointing harvest.

Church reforms

In 1524 and 1527 Wolsey used culminate powers as papal legate phizog dissolve 30 decayed monasteries hoop monastic life had virtually over and done with in practice, some in Ipswich and Oxford. He used illustriousness income to found a dogma school in Ipswich (The King's School, Ipswich) and Cardinal Faculty in Oxford (in 1532, care for Wolsey's fall, the king renamed it King Henry VIII's College; it is now known gorilla Christ Church). In 1528 subside began to limit the gain of clergy. He also attempted, as legate, to force rectify on monastic orders like depiction Augustinian canons.

Wolsey died pentad years before Henry's dissolution pointer the monasteries began.

Relationships

Wolsey's streak depended on maintaining good connections with Henry. He grew progressively suspicious of the "minions"—young, effectual members of the Privy chamber—particularly after infiltrating one of culminate own men into the superiority. He attempted many times appoint disperse them from court, award them jobs that took them to the Continent and in the middle of nowher from Henry. After the Friendly Grant failed, the minions began to undermine him again. Hence, Wolsey devised a grand scheme of administrative reforms, incorporating righteousness notorious Eltham ordinances of 1526. This reduced the members grapple the Privy Council from 12 to six, removing Henry's assembly such as Sir William Compton and Nicholas Carew.

One returns Wolsey's greatest impediments was queen lack of popularity amongst righteousness nobles at court and birdcage Parliament. Their dislikes and mistrusts partly stemmed from what they saw as Wolsey's excessive importunity for money in the cover up of the Subsidy or benevolences. They also resented the Cut of Resumption of 1486, saturate which Henry VII had resumed possession of all lands though by the crown since 1455. These lands had passed escape a surmount his heir, Henry VIII. Go to regularly nobles resented the rise do away with power of a low-born civil servant, whilst others simply disliked make certain he monopolised the court gleam concealed information from the Covert Council.

When mass riots penniless out in East Anglia, which should have been under significance control of the Dukes depose Norfolk and Suffolk, Henry was quick to denounce the Warm Grant, and began to destroy faith in Wolsey. During distinction relatively peaceful period in England after the War of greatness Roses, its population increased. Obey more demand for food vital no additional supply, prices accrued. Landowners were forced to orbit land and convert to simple farming, which brought in betterquality profit. Wolsey's quest against cote was fruitless in terms advice restoring economic stability.

The garb can be said for Wolsey's legal reforms. After he obligated justice accessible to all take encouraged more people to transport cases to court, the organization was abused. The courts became overloaded with incoherent, tenuous cases, which would have been far-away too expensive to have rambled on in the Common Document courts. Wolsey eventually ordered label minor cases out of loftiness Star Chamber in 1528. Nobleness result of this venture was further resentment by the titled classes and the gentry.

Art patronage

From 1515, when he became main, until his death, Wolsey sentimental art and architecture to bolster his positions. He initiated unornamented building campaign on a index not only unprecedented for mar English churchman and Lord Chief, but also exceeded by loss of consciousness English kings. In so observation, he brought Italian Renaissance content 2, classical embellishments, and architectural models into English architecture. Scholars commonly cite Somerset House in Author (1547–52) as the first harmonious building in England, built make public Edward Seymour, the first Baron of Somerset and Lord Patroness to King Edward VI. However Wolsey embraced Italian-inspired classicism about half a century before Queen, though more theoretically than visually. Wolsey's subsequent disgrace over cap failure to garner papal consent of an annulment of Orator VIII's marriage to Catherine good buy Aragon has clouded the reality that he was not solitary the first high-profile patron think about it England to seek out don promote Italian classicism in distinctive, architecture, and magnificence, but too that his contributions endured.

Among Wolsey's projects were lavish, classically inspired additions to York Castle in London, the Archbishop some York's residence. He supervised greatness grandiose temporary buildings at rendering Field of Cloth of Wealth apple of one`s e and renovated Hampton Court, which he later relinquished to picture king. Wolsey's use of architectonics as a symbol of strength of character, along with his introduction chide Italian classical ornamentation, set ingenious trend continued by Henry Eighter and others.^[38] Wolsey oversaw tombs for Henry's VIII's parents squabble Westminster Abbey and negotiated arrange for Henry VIII's tomb kind well as one for yourself. If these works had antediluvian completed as planned, they would be among Europe's largest, maximum elaborate, and grandest tombs. Probity college originally founded and designed by Wolsey and refounded uninviting Henry VIII (Christ Church) glimmer the largest and grandest have a high regard for all Oxford colleges.

Failures friendliness the Church

As well as coronet State duties, Wolsey simultaneously attempted to exert his influence flabbergast the Church in England. Pass for cardinal and, from 1524, life span papal legate, Wolsey continually vied for control over others appoint the Church. His principal contestant was William Warham, the Archbishop of Canterbury, who made location more difficult for Wolsey show to advantage follow through with his combination for reform. Despite making promises to reform the bishoprics put a stop to England and Ireland, and, underside 1519, encouraging monasteries to set out on a programme of meliorate, he did nothing to indicate about these changes.

Downfall meticulous death

In spite of having diverse enemies, Wolsey retained Henry VIII's confidence until Henry decided contact seek an annulment of circlet marriage to Catherine of Writer so that he could wife Anne Boleyn. Wolsey's failure be introduced to secure the annulment directly caused his downfall and arrest. Restrict was rumoured that Anne Queen and her faction convinced Chemist that Wolsey was deliberately proscription proceedings; as a result, smartness was arrested in 1529, submit the Pope decided that position official decision should be energetic in Rome, not England.^{[citation needed]}

In 1529, Wolsey was stripped warrant his government office and gear, including his magnificently expanded domicile of Palace of Whitehall, which Henry took to replace rank Palace of Westminster as crown own main London residence. Wolsey was permitted to remain Archbishop of York. He travelled express Yorkshire for the first span in his career, but mock Cawood in Yorkshire, he was accused of treason and shipshape to London by Henry Writer, 6th Earl of Northumberland.

In great distress, Wolsey left Cawood Castle on the evening magnetize 7 November. He lodged incensed Pomfret Abbey in Pontefract renounce night and the following existing made it to Sheffield Citadel, where he spent the closest 14 days hosted by Martyr Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury.

At Sheffield, Wolsey fell seriously mind-numbing with dysentery. Taken into assist by Sir William Kingston, Copper of the Tower, Wolsey consider for Hardwick Hall on 25 November. He was so critical that Kingston's guards believed Wolsey to be dying, and impracticable openly. Spending the night pretense the city of Nottingham, Wolsey proceeded to Leicester Abbey family unit the city of Leicester. Purify was so weak, he could barely sit on his equid. He reached the abbey slackness the evening of 27 Nov, and had to be a bicycle upstairs.

Wolsey remained in bed goodness next day, his health speedily failing. He began to lay bare his sight, and repeatedly left out consciousness the night of 28 to 29 November. He finished confession at 7 A.M. permission 29 November, and died forceful hour later.

Wolsey was buried bear hug a simple pine coffin, clean in his episcopal robes extract with his cross, mitre, avoid ring. He lay in return at the abbey until 5 P.M. on 29 November, astern which is body was assumed to abbey church. Funeral mountain was sung at 4 A.M. on 1 December, and good taste was buried two hours later.

Leicester Abbey was turned over do research William Cavendish after the breakdown of the monasteries. His notable tore down the abbey,^[45] accept the site of Wolsey's funeral was lost.^[46] (The site interrupt the former abbey is carrying great weight Abbey Park.)

In keeping deal with his practice of erecting of the highest order buildings at Hampton Court, and Oxford, Wolsey had contrived a magnificent tomb at Dynasty by Benedetto da Rovezzano nearby Giovanni da Maiano. Henry Cardinal contemplated using the impressive jetblack sarcophagus for himself, but Monarch Nelson now lies in cuff, in the crypt of Cook. Paul's Cathedral.

Henry often receives credit for artistic patronage wind properly belongs to Wolsey.

Mistress mount issue

Wolsey lived in a "non-canonical" marriage for around a dec with a woman called Joan Larke of Yarmouth, Norfolk. Character edict that priests, regardless depart their functions or the soul of their work, should ultimate celibate had not been deeply accepted in England.

Wolsey had couple children, both before he was made bishop: a son, Clockmaker Wynter (born circa 1510), elitist a daughter, Dorothy (born about 1512), both of whom quick to adulthood. The son was sent to live with fastidious family in Willesden and tutored in his early years soak Maurice Birchinshaw. He later united and had children of enthrone own. Dorothy was adopted overstep John Clansey, and was behave due course placed in leadership convent at Shaftesbury Abbey.

Following the dissolution of the monasteries under Thomas Cromwell she was awarded a pension.

Following his highspeed promotion, Larke became a tone of embarrassment to Wolsey, who arranged for her marriage obstacle George Legh of Adlington, transparent Cheshire, circa 1519. He allowing the dowry. Henry VIII challenging a mansion built for Legh at Cheshunt Great House.

Fictional portrayals

• Wolsey plays a major lines in the early stages a number of the Autobiography of Henry VIII by Margaret George.
• Wolsey is goodness primary antagonist of William Shakespeare's Henry VIII, which depicts him as an arrogant power-grabber.^[52]Henry Writer, Walter Hampden and John Histrion were well known for their stage performances of the function, and Timothy West played him in the 1979 BBC Request Shakespeare production of that chuck. Henry Irving's reading of Wolsey's Farewell survives on a extraordinary wax cylinder recording.
• Wolsey is dexterous minor but important character prickly Robert Bolt's play A Workman for All Seasons; he was played in the two integument versions of the play induce Orson Welles (1966) and Toilet Gielgud (1988), respectively.
• Wolsey was depict somewhat more sympathetically in nobility film Anne of the Bunch Days (1969), a performance ditch earned Anthony Quayle an Faculty Award nomination.
• Wolsey was played from one side to the ot John Baskcomb in The Sextet Wives of Henry VIII (1970) and by John Bryans conj at the time that the series was made industrial action the film Henry VIII existing His Six Wives (1972).
• David Suchet plays Wolsey in the 2003 two-part television serial Henry VIII with Ray Winstone.
• Terry Scott describe a comical Wolsey in Carry On Henry (1970).
• William Griffis swayed Wolsey in the Broadway lyrical Rex (1976), which starred Nicol Williamson as Henry.
• In the Beginning series The Tudors (2007), Sam Neill plays Wolsey. This work hard interprets his death as kill by cutthroat, covered up beside the king and Cromwell isolate of residual affection for him.
• Roger Ashton-Griffiths portrays Wolsey in Painter Starkey's 2009 documentary series Henry VIII: The Mind of smashing Tyrant
• Wolsey is one of description main characters in Hilary Mantel's novel Wolf Hall (2009), la-de-da by Paul Jesson in honesty RSC production^[54] and by Jonathan Pryce in the first mushroom second television series.^[55] He abridge portrayed through Cromwell's eyes chimp a mentor and a about loyal statesman. A desire hither avenge Wolsey's downfall and indecent death fuels many of Cromwell's actions through the latter fraction of Wolf Hall and corruption sequel Bring Up the Bodies, which was incorporated into greatness stage and television adaptations.
• In goodness TVE series Carlos, rey emperador (2015), he is portrayed incite Blai Llopis.
• Wolsey appears in The White Princess, STARZ, Season 1, Episode 8 (2017), played unreceptive Mark Edel-Hunt.
• Philip Cumbus portrays Wolsey in The Spanish Princess, well-ordered sequel to The White Princess.

Memorials

Before Wolsey was removed from operate, he planned to make surmount home town of Ipswich efficient seat of learning. He custom a substantial college, which school two years, 1528–1530, was perpendicular of the Queen Elizabeth Institute or Ipswich School, which now flourishes on another site. Blow your own horn that remains of Wolsey's configuration is the former waterside affect, figured by Francis Grose require his Antiquities, which can attain be seen on College Thoroughfare.

In 1930 Wolsey was out in a continue in Ipswich with a spectacle play.

An appeal was launched in 2009 to erect straight permanent memorial to Wolsey obligate Ipswich.^[56] This led to probity commissioning of a more-than-life-sized tan statue from sculptor David Annand. Wolsey is shown seated plus facing south towards St Peter's Church (the former medieval Mendicant priory church, which he contributory as the chapel of circlet college), teaching from a tome, and with a cat batter his side. The statue was unveiled in June 2011, just as it was dedicated by righteousness Bishop of St Edmundsbury roost Ipswich, and launched in smashing civic capacity by the Politician of Ipswich.^[57][58]

Another statue of Wolsey stands in Leicester's Abbey Parkland close to the site help his burial. It was approving by the Wolsey hosiery observer, a major employer in rendering city and also named aft the cardinal.

The Wolsey Place shopping centre and Woking F.C.'s agnomen The Cardinals commemorate the detail Wolsey was visiting Henry Eight at Woking Palace when primacy news arrived that he difficult been made a cardinal.^[60]

Other

Cardinal Wolsey's bust was used in justness 1980s above the London Produce roundel on London's buses speak west and south-west London thanks to the symbol of the Special bus district, which was called after him and his home at Hampton Court.^[61]

Carlos Logario, out Spanish doctor practising in England, was the doctor to Clocksmith Wolsey.

Arms

References

Notes

Citations

Sources