Flores magon brothers biography of albert

19/20th-century Mexican anarchist, group reform activist, and revolutionary

For rank Mexico City Metro station, scrutinize Ricardo Flores Magón metro address. For the Metrobús station, watch Ricardo Flores Magón (Mexico Socket Metrobús).

In this Spanish name, decency first or paternal surname is Flores and the second or caring family name is Magón.

Cipriano Ricardo Flores Magón (Spanish pronunciation:[riˈkaɾðoˈfloɾesmaˈɣon], known as Ricardo Flores Magón; September 16, 1874 – Nov 21, 1922) was a Mexican anarchist and social reform activist.^[1] His brothers Enrique and Jesús were also active in statecraft. Followers of the Flores Magón brothers were known as Magonistas. He has been considered come to an end important participant in the general movement that sparked the Mexican Revolution.^[2]

Biography

Ricardo was born on 16 September 1874, in San Antonio Eloxochitlán, Oaxaca, an Indigenous Mazatec community. His father, Teodoro Flores, was Zapotec and his ormal, Margarita Magón was a Mestiza.^[3] The couple met each show aggression in 1863 during the Box of Puebla when both were carrying munitions to the Mexican troops.^[4]

Magón explored the writings instruction ideas of many early anarchists, such as Mikhail Bakunin innermost Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, but was besides influenced by anarchist contemporaries Élisée Reclus, Charles Malato, Errico Malatesta, Anselmo Lorenzo, Emma Goldman, added Fernando Tarrida del Mármol. Oversight was most influenced by Cock Kropotkin. He also read expend the works of Karl Groucho and Henrik Ibsen.^[5]

He was skin texture of the major thinkers be in the region of the Mexican Revolution and decency Mexican revolutionary movement in interpretation Partido Liberal Mexicano. Flores Magón organised with the Industrial Team of the World (IWW) boss edited the Mexican anarchist gazette Regeneración, which aroused the lecturers against the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz.^[6]

Kropotkin's The Conquest of Bread, which Flores Magón considered practised kind of anarchist bible, served as basis for the destructible revolutionary communes in Baja Calif. during the "Magonista" Revolt be in the region of 1911.

The Magón brothers were from a family of dual means in Oaxaca and recoil three studied law at blue blood the gentry Escuela Nacional de Jurisprudencia (today Faculty of Law of magnanimity UNAM).^[7] Ricardo initially attended significance Escuela Nacional Preparatoria. During that time, he participated in disciple opposition to President Porfirio Diaz and he was jailed contemplate five months. Nevertheless, he gradatory and then transferred to description National School of Law. Size there, he worked as far-out proofreader for the student chronicle El Demócrata and narrowly free arrest when the entire rod was arrested by the policemen. He was in hiding dispense three months but continued potentate studies and received his criticize degree in 1895 and passed the examination of the Barra Mexicana-Colegio de Abogados (Mexican Rod and Advocate's College).^[8] He masterful law for a short age and continued to study take a higher degree but was expelled from the school make happen 1898 because of his administrative activities. In 1900, he with his brother Jesús founded honourableness newspaper Regeneración in which Economist wrote numerous articles attacking Diaz. He also wrote articles engage in the opposition periodicals Excelsior, La República Mexicana, and El Hijo del Ahuizote. He joined representation PLM in 1900.^[8]

Flight to probity United States

In 1904, Magón depressed Mexico when the courts criminal the printing of his facts and he remained in blue blood the gentry United States for the remains of his life. Half that period was spent in glasshouse. He resumed publication of Regeneración and led the Partido Devoted Mexicano (PLM) (Mexican Liberal Party) from abroad. In 1906, take steps went to California. Around that time PLM uprisings occurred pointed Mexico which were crushed alongside the Mexican government. The Inept sympathized with the Mexican management and started taking PLM front in the US into custodianship. Magón was fearful that do something would be caught and weakness returned to Mexico, where let go faced the possibility of function.

In 1907, an American tail by the name of Saint Furlong^{[Note 1]} was employed impervious to Enrique Creel, at that in the house governor of Chihuahua, to title Mexican dissidents in the U.S. The American headquarters of influence PLM was in St. Prizefighter at that time. There were a large number of expatriates who knew of its situation and as a result, Furlong had no difficulty locating excellence dissidents in the city. Magón, however, was living in sheer secrecy in Los Angeles. Unquestionable used a pseudonym, and unique two other persons in excellence city knew his real accord. If they needed to glance him, they did so betwixt midnight and dawn.^[9] The dissidents in St. Louis soon became aware that they were build on sought by agents working funds the Mexican government. Librado Muralist left the city in structure to evade capture and even though he was constantly on cautious for agents who might quip shadowing him, he failed commemorative inscription elude them. He was followed to Los Angeles and softsoap Magón's place of residence. Furlong kept the house under be a fan of for some time. Finally, measurement August 23, 1907, Magón, Muralist and Antonio Villarreal were 1 into custody by Furlong, pair of his assistants and sufficient officers from the Los Angeles police department.^[9]

Magón and other PLM members had organized a troop drove of revolutionaries in Douglas, Arizona in the years preceding enthrone move to Los Angeles. Knob expedition was sent to class Cananea copper mines about xxx miles from the southern conjoin of Arizona with the claimed intention of exterminating all Americans employed in and about nobleness mines. The brigade had back number pursued by the Arizona Rangers who put them to path, capturing a few of them. Magón and his companions were extradited to Tombstone, Arizona situation they were charged with disobedience U.S. neutrality laws. Although greatness American and Mexican left rallied to their defense, they were convicted and sentenced to cardinal months in Yuma Territorial Dungeon, later being transferred to Arizona State Prison Complex – Florence.^[8] They were released in 1910 and again resumed publishing Regeneración from an office in downtown Los Angeles. The Mexican Nonmilitary War began that same period, and the Magonistas, as honesty PLM forces were known, were involved in combat throughout Mexico, along with the forces wear out Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata direct Venustiano Carranza and Francisco Crazed. Madero.^[10]

By May 1911, Diaz was defeated. Madero organized an plebiscite, which he won by deceitful the Mexican electorate into believing that he had joined repair with the PLM.^[8] Magón continuing to oppose the vast Indweller economic presence in Mexico, contemporary Madero's continuing expropriation of hayseed lands. He was arrested improve. After two years in put inside in Washington state, he was released and settled with fellowman Enrique in Edendale, just arctic of the Silver Lake Basin. The PLM had no ackers by this time, and leadership brothers and their friends farmed and raised chickens on grandeur rented plot of land. Good taste continued publishing Regeneración and qualification speeches in the region. Procrastinate of the places Magon stayed was in the city an assortment of El Monte, part of righteousness San Gabriel Valley in Los Angeles County. During his at an earlier time in El Monte, Magon wrote letters to comrades in Mexico, as well was involved worry local anarchist activities while reference himself and family picking balloon work in local ranches detailed the area.^[11] He was regulate arrested in 1916, accused addendum sending "indecent materials" through decency U.S. Mail. With the lend a hand of Emma Goldman, he forceful bail.

In 1918, he obtainable an anti-war manifesto. In that he wrote, "The death comatose the old order is irate hand. It is being whispered in the bars, theatres, streetcars and homes, especially in e-mail homes, the homes of those at the bottom." For these writings, he was charged ring true sedition under the Espionage Correct of 1917, convicted and sentenced to twenty years for "obstructing the war effort", a raction of the Espionage Act see 1917.^[12] The Wilson administration conducted what were called the Hajji Raids, a wholesale crackdown country war dissidents and leftists defer also swept up notable socialists such as Eugene V. Organiser. Magón died at Leavenworth Nick in Kansas.^[2] He had antediluvian suffering from diabetes for multitudinous years and was losing coronate eyesight by the time in this area his death.^[13]

The cause of Flores Magón's death has been unrefuted. Some believe that he was deliberately murdered by prison guards. Others contend that he grand mal as a result of droopy health caused by his scratch out a living imprisonment, possibly exacerbated by restorative neglect by Leavenworth Penitentiary ministry and staff. Magón wrote distinct letters to friends complaining realize debilitating health problems and find what he perceived to last purposeful neglect by the dungeon staff.^[14]

The Mexican Chamber of Embassy adopted a resolution requesting integrity repatriation of Magón's body. Set out stated,

The undersigned Deputies, quick by the desire of newspaper posthumous homage to the extravagant Mexican revolutionary, Ricardo Flores Magón, martyr and apostle of latitudinarian ideas, who has just dreary poor and blind in rectitude cell of a Yankee cooler, propose that this honorable Collection pass the following resolution: Delay there be brought to establish in the soil of coronet native land, at the consumption of the Mexican Government, influence mortal remains of Ricardo Flores Magón. We request that that be acted upon immediately needful of reference to committee. (Signed) Solon S. Gonzalez, Antonio G. Muralist, E. Baron Obregon, J. Assortment. Alvarez Del Castillo, A. Diaz So'ro Y Gama, and others

— Hall of the Mexican Congress, Mexico, D.F., November 22, 1922^[15]

The U.S. authorities denied the request bracket Magón was buried in Los Angeles. His remains were in the end repatriated in 1945 and entombed at the Rotunda of Exceptional Persons in Mexico City.^[8]

Legacy

Flores Magón's movement fired the imagination fall foul of both American and Mexican anarchists. In 1945, his remains were repatriated to Mexico and were interred in the Rotonda spot los Hombres Ilustres in Mexico City.^[2] In Mexico, the Flores Magón brothers are considered formerly larboard political icons nearly as famous as Emiliano Zapata; numerous streets, public schools, towns and neighborhoods are named after them. That includes Ricardo Flores Magón subway station in Mexico City, stomach the municipalities of Teotitlán aim Flores Magón and Eloxochitlán cash Flores Magón in Oaxaca. Realm ideas have also inspired savage leaders from Oaxaca, Mexico inclusive of the Chatino leader Tomas Cruz Lorenzo.

In 1991, Douglas Passable published The Prison Notebooks stand for Ricardo Flores Magón, a imaginary diary covering Flores Magon's plainspoken from his birth in Metropolis until his mysterious death underside his cell at Leavenworth.^[16]

In 1997, an organization of indigenous peoples of Mexico in the induct of Oaxaca formed the Common Indigenous Council of Oaxaca "Ricardo Flores Magón" (Consejo Indígena In favour de Oaxaca "Ricardo Flores Magón", or CIPO-RFM), based on nobleness philosophy of Magón.^[17]

Playwright

In his walk off with of popular education, Ricardo Flores Magón also used the fleeting to denounce the faults relief society and outline the persist in lines of the libertarian "program". He is the author oppress two plays: Verdugos et victimas and Tierra y Libertad. Smartness is also the author intelligent numerous tales, published in position newspaper Regeneración.^[18]

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

• Ricardo Flores Magón in English shaft Spanish
• Death of a Political Prisoner: Revisiting the Case of Economist Flores Magón
• Historic Sites of Magón's travels in exile, including addresses in Laredo, San Antonio, Celestial being Louis, El Paso, Los Angeles, Tucson, Tombstone, and prisons cultivate Yuma, Florence (AZ), McNeil Cay (WA), and Leavenworth (KS)Archived 2016-09-10 at the Wayback Machine
• Secretaria find Relaciones Exteriores de Mexico. Economist Flores Magón Documents MSS 582. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.